One of the first major subsea stainless steel pipeline was built between Great Britain’s Isle of Wight and the coast of France during...

The first major undersea stainless steel pipeline was built during World War II. Nicknamed Operation PLUTO (Pipe Line Under The Ocean),...

Laying pipe on the seafloor can pose a number of challenges, especially if the water is deep. There are three main ways...

In the oil and gas industries, valves are key components involved in the control of the flow of corrosive, abrasive and erosive gases and...

Stainless steel react with corrosive deterioration phenomenon is known as corrosion. Common metal corrosion of intergranular corrosion,...

The ‘appropriate grades’ notes are taken from the Avesta Sheffield Corrosion Handbook and are shown for general guidance only. Specific...

Ferritic, martensitic and duplex stainless steel tend to become brittle as the temperature is reduced, in a similar way to other ferritic...

The austenitic stainless steel tubes remain tough and ductile to very low temperatures. Metals such as iron and constructional steel...

Sulphur dioxide dissolves readily in water, which is then classed as a weak reducing acid (sulphurous acid H2SO3). Theoxidation of...

Phosphoric Acid is also know as orthophosphoric acid and is classed as a weak acid. Austenitic stainless steel have goodcorrosion...

Hydrofluoric Acid is extremely aggressive and attacks most metals and glass. The approach to the selection of stainless steel is similar...

Citric acid is a weak organic acid, found in fruits such as lemons (citrus) Either the stainless steel 304 or stainless steel 316 types...

Ammonia at normal atmospheric temperature and pressure is a gas. It can be stored under pressure as a liquid or below it’s atmospheric...

Chlorine readily forms chlorides when in contact with gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. Hydrochloric acid HCl can...

Hydrochloric acid is classed as reducing acid and lacks the oxidising properties that stainless steel need to maintain their...

Sulphuric acid is oxidising when concentrated but is reducing at low and ‘intermediate’ concentrations.  The response of most stainless...

Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) is a strong base. It is used in metal degreasing and cleaning processes in a wide range of industry...

Acetic acid is a weak reducing acid. It is used in plastics manufacture and is a constituent of foods as vinegar. Ferritic stainless...

Sodium hypochlorite only exists in solutions. The solution can be unstable, giving off chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is not stable as...

Nitric acid is strongly oxidising and promotes the resistance of stainless steel to corrosion. Generally stainless steel are resistant...