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Elbows 45° - 90° - 180° LR/SR The function of a elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system. By default, there are 5 opportunities, the 45°, 90° and 180° elbows, all three in the "long radius" version, and in addition the 90° and 180° elbows both in the "short radius" version. Long and Short Radius Elbows are split into two groups which define the distance over which they change direction; the center line of one end to the opposite face. This is known as the "center to face" distance and is equivalent to the radius through which the elbow is bent. The center to face distance for a "long" radius elbow, abbreviated LR always is "1? x Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) (1?D)", while the center to face distance for a "short" radius elbow, abbreviated SR even is to nominal pipe size. Here below, for example, you will find the center to face distance of four 2 inch elbows, (the "A" distance on the image). 1. 90°- 2"- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2) A = 76,2 mm 2. 180°- 2"- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2) x 2 A = 152,4 mm 3. 90°- 2"- SR : = 25,4 x 2 A = 50,8 mm 4. 180°- 2"- SR : = (25,4 x 2) x 2 A = 101,6 mm 45° Elbow The function of a 45° elbow is the same as a 90° elbow, but the measurement of dimensions is different to that of the 90° elbow. 45° buttweld elbow. The radius of a 45° elbow is the same as the radius of the 90° LR (1?D). However, the center to face dimension is not equivalent to the radius as in 90° LR elbows. This is measured from each face to the point of intersection of the center lines perpendicular to each other, distances B on the image. This is due to the smaller degree of bend. Short radius 45° elbows are not available. Standards The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units. In addition to the defined elbows, there is the Reducing Elbow, which is a elbow with various diameters on the ends. Because this elbow, for many suppliers it is not a standard item, and thus probably a high price with a long delivery time, the use of a "normal" elbow with a separate reducer is an option if the situation allows. buttweld reducing elbow. Other degrees elbows can be machined from a standard elbow. Longer radius type, the center to face dimension e.g. is three times the nominal size (3D), even is available. Dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. for long and short radius elbows are defined in ASME B16.9. Wall Thickness of Elbows The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the center to face dimensions and some "squareness" dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting. Many providers of buttweld elbows (and tees) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains.

Buttweld Fittings general A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction, branching or for change of pipe diameter, and which is mechanically joined to the system. There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and schedules as the pipe. Fittings are pided into three groups: Buttweld (BW) fittings whose dimensions, dimensional tolerances et cetera are defined in the ASME B16.9 standards. Light-weight corrosion resistant fittings are made to MSS SP43. Socket Weld (SW) fittings Class 3000, 6000, 9000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards. Threaded (THD) fittings Class 2000, 3000, 6000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards. Most used buttweld fittings. 1. Elbow 90° long radius 2. Elbow 45° 3. Elbow 90° short radius 4. Elbow 180° long radius 5. Elbow 180° short radius 6. Tee straight 7. Tee reducing 8. Reducer concentric 9. Reducer eccentric 10. End cap 11. Lap joint Stub End Applications of Buttweld Fittings A piping system using buttweld fittings has many inherent advantages over other forms. Welding a fitting to the pipe means it is permanently leakproof The continuous metal structure formed between pipe and fitting adds strength to the system Smooth inner surface and gradual directional changes reduce pressure losses and turbulence and minimize the action of corrosion and erosion A welded system utilizes a minimum of space Bevelled Ends The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a "Butt weld". Typical bevel types. ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances). These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34). Material and Performance The most common materials used in fittings produced is carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, aluminium, copper, glass, rubber, the various types of plastics, etc.. In addition, fittings, like pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with layers of materials of a completely different quality as the fitting themselves, which are "lined fittings". The material of a fitting is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a fitting is of the same material as the pipe.

List of Chemical Elements Atomic NoName of elementChemical symbolOrigin of name89ActiniumAcFrom the Greek word aktinos (ray)13AluminiumAlFrom the Latin word alumen (alum)95AmericiumAmFrom America where it was discovered51AntimonySbFrom the Greek words anti + monos meaning not alone18ArgonArFrom the Greek word argos meaning inactive33ArsenicAsFrom the Greek word arsenikon meaning yellow orpiment (orpiment is arsenic trisulphide)85AstatineAtFrom the Greek word astatos meaning unstable56BariumBaFrom the Greek word barus meaning heavy97BerkeliumBkNamed after Berkeley, USA where it was discovered4BerylliumBeFrom the Greek word beryllos meaning beryl83BismuthBiFrom the German word bisemutum107BohriumBhNamed after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist5BoronBFrom the Arabic word buraq or the Persian word burah35BromineBrFrom the Greek word bromos meaning stench48CadmiumCdFrom the Latin word cadmia or Greek word kadmeia both meaning calamine55CaesiumCsFrom the Latin word caesius meaning sky blue20CalciumCaFrom the Latin word calx meaning lime96CaliforniumCfNamed after the University of California, USA where it was discovered6CarbonCFrom the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal58CeriumCeNamed after the Asteroid Ceres, which had been discovered in 1801, two years before the element17ChlorineClFrom the Greek word chloros meaning pale green24ChromiumCrFrom the Greek word chrome meaning colour27CobaltCoFrom the German word kobald meaning goblin or evilspirit29CopperCuFrom cuprum, the Latin name for the island of Cyprus96CuriumCmNamed after Pierre & Marie Curie110DarmstadiumDsNamed after Darmstadt, Germany where it was discovered105DubniumDbNamed after Dubnia, USSR where it was discovered66DysprosiumDyFrom the Greek word dysprositos meaning hard to obtain99EinsteiniumEsNamed after Albert Einstein68ErbiumErNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral from which it was extracted came from63EuropiumEuNamed after Europe100FermiumFmNamed after Enrico Fermi, the Italian physicist9FluorineFFrom the Latin word fluere meaning to flow87FranciumFrNamed after France64GadoliniumGdNamed after Johan Gadolin, the Finnish chemist and mineralogist31GalliumGaFrom the Latin word Gallia meaning France32GermaniumGeFrom the Latin word Germania meaning Germany79GoldAuFrom the German word gold, which was itself derived from an earlier word meaning yellow72HafniumHfFrom the Latin word Hafnia meaning Copenhagen108HassiumHsFrom the Latin word Hassium, for the German State of Hess2HeliumHeFrom the Greek word helios meaning sun67HolmiumHoFrom the Greek word Holmia meaning Sweden1HydrogenHFrom the Greek words hydro genes meaning water and generator49IndiumInNamed after the indigo line in its atomic spectrum53IodineIFrom the Greek word iodes meaning violet77IridiumIrFrom the Greek word iris meaning rainbow26IronFeFrom isarn the old Saxon word for iron36KryptonKrFrom the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden57LanthanumLaFrom the Greek word lanthanein meaning to lie hidden103LawrenciumLrNamed after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron82LeadPbFrom the Anglo-Saxon word lead3LithiumLiFrom the Greek word lithos meaning stone71LutetiumLuFrom the Greek word Lutetia meaning Paris12MagnesiumMgFrom the Greek word Magnesia, a district of Thessaly25ManganeseMnFrom the Latin word magnes meaning magnet108MeitneriumMtNamed after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist101MendeleviumMdNamed after Dimitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist80MercuryHgNamed after the planet Mercury42MolybdenumMoFrom the Greek word molybdos meaning lead60NeodymiumNdFrom the Greek words neos didymos meaning new twin10NeonNeFrom the Greek word neon meaning new93NeptuniumNpNamed after the planet Neptune28NickelNiFrom the German word kupfernickel meaning devil's scopper41NiobiumNbNamed after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology7NitrogenNFrom the Greek words nitron genes meaning nitre and forming102NobeliumNoNamed after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist76OsmiumOsFrom the Greek word osme meaning smell8OxygenOFrom the Greek words oxy genes meaning acid and forming46PalladiumPdNamed after the asteroid pallas which was discovered at about the same time. Derived from Pallas Athene, the Greek goddess of wisdom15PhosphorusPFrom the Greek word phospheros meaning bringer of light78PlatinumPtFrom the Spanish word platina meaning silver94PlutoniumPuNamed after the planet Pluto84PoloniumPoNamed after Poland, birthplace of Marie Curie19PotassiumKFrom the English word potash, the ashes remaining in the pot after plant leaves were burnt and from which potassium carbonate was obtained59PraseodymiumPrFrom the Greek words prasios didymos meaning greentwin61PromethiumPmNamed after Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven and gave it to humans, according to Greek mythology91ProtactiniumPaFrom the Greek word protos meaning first86RadonRnNamed after the element radium, from which it was derived88RadiumRaFrom the Latin word radius meaning ray75RheniumReFrom Rhenus, the Latin for river Rhine, where one of the discoverers was born45RhodiumRhFrom the Greek word rhodon meaning rose111RoentgeniumRgNamed after Wilhelm C. Roentgen, the German physicist37RubidiumRbFrom the Latin word rubidius meaning dark red44RutheniumRuFrom Ruthenia, the Latin word for Russia104RutherfordiumRfNamed after Ernest R. Rutherford, the New Zealand physicist and chemist62SamariumSmNamed after samarskite the mineral from which it was isolated21ScandiumScFrom the Latin word Scandia meaning Scandinavia106SeaborgiumSgNamed after Glen T. Seaborg, the American nuclear chemist34SeleniumSeFrom the Greek word selene meaning moon14SiliconSiFrom the Latin word silicis meaning flint47SilverAgFrom siluvar, the Old Saxon word for silver11SodiumNaFrom soda, the English word for sodium carbonate38StrontiumSrNamed after Strontian, Scotland where the mineral from which it was isolated was found16SulphurSFrom sulphurium, the Latin word for sulphur73TantalumTaNamed after King Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology43TechnetiumTcFrom the Greek word technikos meaning artificial52TelluriumTeFrom the Latin word tellus meaning earth65TerbiumTbNamed after Ytterby a town in Sweden where its ore was found81ThalliumTlFrom the Greek word thallos meaning green twig90ThoriumThNamed after Thor, the Scandinavian God of war69ThuliumTmNamed after Thule the ancient name for Scandinavia50TinSnFrom the Anglo-Saxon word tin22TitaniumTiNamed after the Titans, the elder gods who ruled the earth before the Olympian gods, in Greek mythology74TungstenWFrom the Swedish words tung sten meaning heavy stone92UraniumUNamed after the planet Uranus23VanadiumVNamed after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology54XenonXeFrom the Greek word xenon meaning stranger70YtterbiumYbNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found39YttriumYNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found30ZincZnFrom the German word zink40ZirconiumZrFrom the Arabic word zargun meaning goldcolourAtomic NoName of elementChemical symbolOrigin of name

List  of Chemical Elements Atomic NoName of elementChemical symbolOrigin of name89ActiniumAcFrom the Greek word aktinos (ray)13AluminiumAlFrom the Latin word alumen (alum)95AmericiumAmFrom America where it was discovered51AntimonySbFrom the Greek words anti + monos meaning not alone18ArgonArFrom the Greek word argos meaning inactive33ArsenicAsFrom the Greek word arsenikon meaning yellow orpiment (orpiment is arsenic trisulphide)85AstatineAtFrom the Greek word astatos meaning unstable56BariumBaFrom the Greek word barus meaning heavy97BerkeliumBkNamed after Berkeley, USA where it was discovered4BerylliumBeFrom the Greek word beryllos meaning beryl83BismuthBiFrom the German word bisemutum107BohriumBhNamed after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist5BoronBFrom the Arabic word buraq or the Persian word burah35BromineBrFrom the Greek word bromos meaning stench48CadmiumCdFrom the Latin word cadmia or Greek word kadmeia both meaning calamine55CaesiumCsFrom the Latin word caesius meaning sky blue20CalciumCaFrom the Latin word calx meaning lime96CaliforniumCfNamed after the University of California, USA where it was discovered6CarbonCFrom the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal58CeriumCeNamed after the Asteroid Ceres, which had been discovered in 1801, two years before the element17ChlorineClFrom the Greek word chloros meaning pale green24ChromiumCrFrom the Greek word chrome meaning colour27CobaltCoFrom the German word kobald meaning goblin or evilspirit29CopperCuFrom cuprum, the Latin name for the island of Cyprus96CuriumCmNamed after Pierre & Marie Curie110DarmstadiumDsNamed after Darmstadt, Germany where it was discovered105DubniumDbNamed after Dubnia, USSR where it was discovered66DysprosiumDyFrom the Greek word dysprositos meaning hard to obtain99EinsteiniumEsNamed after Albert Einstein68ErbiumErNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral from which it was extracted came from63EuropiumEuNamed after Europe100FermiumFmNamed after Enrico Fermi, the Italian physicist9FluorineFFrom the Latin word fluere meaning to flow87FranciumFrNamed after France64GadoliniumGdNamed after Johan Gadolin, the Finnish chemist and mineralogist31GalliumGaFrom the Latin word Gallia meaning France32GermaniumGeFrom the Latin word Germania meaning Germany79GoldAuFrom the German word gold, which was itself derived from an earlier word meaning yellow72HafniumHfFrom the Latin word Hafnia meaning Copenhagen108HassiumHsFrom the Latin word Hassium, for the German State of Hess2HeliumHeFrom the Greek word helios meaning sun67HolmiumHoFrom the Greek word Holmia meaning Sweden1HydrogenHFrom the Greek words hydro genes meaning water and generator49IndiumInNamed after the indigo line in its atomic spectrum53IodineIFrom the Greek word iodes meaning violet77IridiumIrFrom the Greek word iris meaning rainbow26IronFeFrom isarn the old Saxon word for iron36KryptonKrFrom the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden57LanthanumLaFrom the Greek word lanthanein meaning to lie hidden103LawrenciumLrNamed after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron82LeadPbFrom the Anglo-Saxon word lead3LithiumLiFrom the Greek word lithos meaning stone71LutetiumLuFrom the Greek word Lutetia meaning Paris12MagnesiumMgFrom the Greek word Magnesia, a district of Thessaly25ManganeseMnFrom the Latin word magnes meaning magnet108MeitneriumMtNamed after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist101MendeleviumMdNamed after Dimitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist80MercuryHgNamed after the planet Mercury42MolybdenumMoFrom the Greek word molybdos meaning lead60NeodymiumNdFrom the Greek words neos didymos meaning new twin10NeonNeFrom the Greek word neon meaning new93NeptuniumNpNamed after the planet Neptune28NickelNiFrom the German word kupfernickel meaning devil’s scopper41NiobiumNbNamed after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology7NitrogenNFrom the Greek words nitron genes meaning nitre and forming102NobeliumNoNamed after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist76OsmiumOsFrom the Greek word osme meaning smell8OxygenOFrom the Greek words oxy genes meaning acid and forming46PalladiumPdNamed after the asteroid pallas which was discovered at about the same time. Derived from Pallas Athene, the Greek goddess of wisdom15PhosphorusPFrom the Greek word phospheros meaning bringer of light78PlatinumPtFrom the Spanish word platina meaning silver94PlutoniumPuNamed after the planet Pluto84PoloniumPoNamed after Poland, birthplace of Marie Curie19PotassiumKFrom the English word potash, the ashes remaining in the pot after plant leaves were burnt and from which potassium carbonate was obtained59PraseodymiumPrFrom the Greek words prasios didymos meaning greentwin61PromethiumPmNamed after Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven and gave it to humans, according to Greek mythology91ProtactiniumPaFrom the Greek word protos meaning first86RadonRnNamed after the element radium, from which it was derived88RadiumRaFrom the Latin word radius meaning ray75RheniumReFrom Rhenus, the Latin for river Rhine, where one of the discoverers was born45RhodiumRhFrom the Greek word rhodon meaning rose111RoentgeniumRgNamed after Wilhelm C. Roentgen, the German physicist37RubidiumRbFrom the Latin word rubidius meaning dark red44RutheniumRuFrom Ruthenia, the Latin word for Russia104RutherfordiumRfNamed after Ernest R. Rutherford, the New Zealand physicist and chemist62SamariumSmNamed after samarskite the mineral from which it was isolated21ScandiumScFrom the Latin word Scandia meaning Scandinavia106SeaborgiumSgNamed after Glen T. Seaborg, the American nuclear chemist34SeleniumSeFrom the Greek word selene meaning moon14SiliconSiFrom the Latin word silicis meaning flint47SilverAgFrom siluvar, the Old Saxon word for silver11SodiumNaFrom soda, the English word for sodium carbonate38StrontiumSrNamed after Strontian, Scotland where the mineral from which it was isolated was found16SulphurSFrom sulphurium, the Latin word for sulphur73TantalumTaNamed after King Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology43TechnetiumTcFrom the Greek word technikos meaning artificial52TelluriumTeFrom the Latin word tellus meaning earth65TerbiumTbNamed after Ytterby a town in Sweden where its ore was found81ThalliumTlFrom the Greek word thallos meaning green twig90ThoriumThNamed after Thor, the Scandinavian God of war69ThuliumTmNamed after Thule the ancient name for Scandinavia50TinSnFrom the Anglo-Saxon word tin22TitaniumTiNamed after the Titans, the elder gods who ruled the earth before the Olympian gods, in Greek mythology74TungstenWFrom the Swedish words tung sten meaning heavy stone92UraniumUNamed after the planet Uranus23VanadiumVNamed after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology54XenonXeFrom the Greek word xenon meaning stranger70YtterbiumYbNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found39YttriumYNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found30ZincZnFrom the German word zink40ZirconiumZrFrom the Arabic word zargun meaning goldcolourAtomic NoName of elementChemical symbolOrigin of name

Elbows 45° – 90° – 180° LR/SR The function of a elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system. By default, there are 5 opportunities, the 45°, 90° and 180° elbows, all three in the “long radius” version, and in addition the 90° and 180° elbows both in the “short radius” version. Long and Short Radius Elbows are split into two groups which define the distance over which they change direction; the center line of one end to the opposite face. This is known as the “center to face” distance and is equivalent to the radius through which the elbow is bent. The center to face distance for a “long” radius elbow, abbreviated LR always is “1? x Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) (1?D)”, while the center to face distance for a “short” radius elbow, abbreviated SR even is to nominal pipe size. Here below, for example, you will find the center to face distance of four 2 inch elbows, (the “A” distance on the image).1.   90°- 2″- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2)   A = 76,2 mm 2.   180°- 2″- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2) x 2   A = 152,4 mm 3.   90°- 2″- SR : = 25,4 x 2   A = 50,8 mm 4.   180°- 2″- SR : = (25,4 x 2) x 2   A = 101,6 mm 45° Elbow The function of a 45° elbow is the same as a 90° elbow, but the measurement of dimensions is different to that of the 90° elbow. The radius of a 45° elbow is the same as the radius of the 90° LR (1?D). However, the center to face dimension is not equivalent to the radius as in 90° LR elbows. This is measured from each face to the point of intersection of the center lines perpendicular to each other, distances B on the image. This is due to the smaller degree of bend. Short radius 45° elbows are not available. Standards The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units. In addition to the defined elbows, there is the Reducing Elbow, which is a elbow with various diameters on the ends. Because this elbow, for many suppliers it is not a standard item, and thus probably a high price with a long delivery time, the use of a “normal” elbow with a separate reducer is an option if the situation allows. Other degrees elbows can be machined from a standard elbow. Longer radius type, the center to face dimension e.g. is three times the nominal size (3D), even is available. Dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. for long and short radius elbows are defined in ASME B16.9. Wall Thickness of Elbows The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the center to face dimensions and some “squareness” dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting. Many providers of buttweld elbows (and tees) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains.

Buttweld Fittings general A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction, branching or for change of pipe diameter, and which is mechanically joined to the system. There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and schedules as the pipe. Fittings are pided into three groups: Buttweld (BW) fittings whose dimensions, dimensional tolerances et cetera are defined in the ASME B16.9 standards. Light-weight corrosion resistant fittings are made to MSS SP43. Socket Weld (SW) fittings Class 3000, 6000, 9000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards. Threaded (THD) fittings Class 2000, 3000, 6000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards. Most used buttweld fittings. 1. Elbow 90° long radius   2. Elbow 45°   3. Elbow 90° short radius 4. Elbow 180° long radius   5. Elbow 180° short radius 6. Tee straight   7. Tee reducing 8. Reducer concentric   9. Reducer eccentric 10. End cap   11. Lap joint Stub End Applications of Buttweld Fittings A piping system using buttweld fittings has many inherent advantages over other forms. Welding a fitting to the pipe means it is permanently leakproof The continuous metal structure formed between pipe and fitting adds strength to the system Smooth inner surface and gradual directional changes reduce pressure losses and turbulence and minimize the action of corrosion and erosion A welded system utilizes a minimum of space Bevelled Ends The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld“.Typical bevel types. ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances). These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34). Material and Performance The most common materials used in fittings produced is carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, aluminium, copper, glass, rubber, the various types of plastics, etc.. In addition, fittings, like pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with layers of materials of a completely different quality as the fitting themselves, which are “lined fittings”. The material of a fitting is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a fitting is of the same material as the pipe.

Buttweld fitting: Stub End A Stub End always will be used with a Lap Joint flange, as a backing flange; both are shown on the image below. This flange connections are applied, in low-pressure and non critical applications, and is a cheap method of flanging. In a stainless steel pipe system, for example, a carbon steel flange can be applied, because they are not come in contact with the product in the pipe. Stub Ends are available in almost all pipe diameters. Dimensions and dimensional tolerances are defined in the ASME B.16.9 standard. Light-weight corrosion resistant Stub Ends (fittings) are defined in MSS SP43. Dimensional Tolerances of Stub Ends MSS SP-43Nominal Pipe Size1/2 up to 2.1/23 to 3.1/245 to 810 to 1820 to 24Outside Diameter at Welding End (OD)0.80.80.8+ 1.6 – 0.8+ 2.29 – 0.76+ 3.05 – 0.76Overall Length (F)1.61.61.61.622Outside Diameter of Lap (G)+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6Thickness of Lap (T)+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0Fillet Radius of Lap (R)+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6Wall Thickness (t)Not less than 87.5% of Nominal Wall Thickness Dimensional tolerances are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated. Note: MSS SP-43 only covers stainless steel buttweld fittings made for use with Schedule 5S and 10S pipe and Stub Ends suitable for use with Schedule 40S pipe, as defined in ASME B36.19. The dimensions and dimensional tolerances defined in MSS SP-43 are substantially the same as those in ASME B16.9 specifications from NPS 1/2 – NPS 24. Except with regard to the outside diameter at the bevel. Dimensional Tolerances of Stub Ends ASME B16.9Nominal Pipe Size1/2 up to 2.1/23 to 3.1/245 to 810 to 1820 to 24Outside Diameter at Welding End (OD)+ 1.6 – 0.81.61.6+ 2.29 – 1.6+ 4.06 – 3.05+ 6.35 – 4.83Overall Length (F)1.61.61.61.622Outside Diameter of Lap (G)+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6Thickness of Lap (T)+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0+ 1.52 – 0Fillet Radius of Lap (R)+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 0.76+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6+ 0 – 1.6Wall Thickness (t)Not less than 87.5% of Nominal Wall Thickness Dimensional tolerances are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.

ASTM StandardsBarButt Weld FittingsForgingsPipe, Welded & SeamlessTube, WeldedTube, SeamlessPlateA167A403A182A312A249A213A240 Minimum Physical PropertiesTensile StrengthYield Strength75 KSI Min.30 KSI Min. Chemical Composition (wt%)CMnPSSiNiCrFeMo0.03 Max2.00 Max0.04 Max0.03 Max0.03 Max11.0 – 15.018.0 – 20.0Balance3.0 – 4.0 Properties 317L is a low-carbon stainless steel with increased additions of chromium, nickel and molybdenum for better corrosion resistance than type 316L. This steel resists attack from sulphurous, acetic, formic, citric and tartaric acids as well as combatting the tendency to pit when in contact with phosphorous acid, chlorides, bromides and iodides. Applications 317L is used to handle sulphur, pulp liquor, acid dyestuffs, acetylating and nitrating mixtures, bleaching solutions, severe coal and oil smoke, and many chemical compounds. Some typical examples include: * Paper and pulp handling equipment * Textile equipment * Food-processing equipment www.wilsonpipeline.com

Manufacturing of Butt Welded Fittings Introduction to Hot Forming The principal methods of hot working are extrusion, drawing, forging and rolling. Rolling is the most extensive employed forming process, though some limitations may apply to the process. Rolling mainly consists of three major sub-categories: flat rolling, shape rolling (with specifically designed roll grooves) and pipe rolling (including piercing). Forging may be sub-categorized as hamming, pressing, etc. Forging may be performed under hammers, in mechanical presses and upsetters or by a method known as roll forging. Pressing generally includes the manufacture of forged articles in hydraulic presses. Extrusion usually is performed in hydraulic presses which force the hot steel through a die. Rolling is performed in rolling mills of a variety of types. The two principal reasons for perform metal forming at elevated temperatures (hot working) are to reduce the forming loads through the reduction of the resistance of the steel to deformation, and to develop preferred metallurgical structures for strength and ductility of the finish products. The most appropriate manufacturing method of a product will be decided with consideration of its material, sizes, shape, use, standards and other properties. There are numerous processes for manufacturing butt weld fittings, several examples listed as follows. TEES: Extrusion method (Hot Forming) The hot-extrusion process consists of enclosing a piece of metal, heated to forging temperature, in a chamber called a “container” having a die at one end with an opening of the shape of the desired finished section, and applying pressure to the metal through the opposite end of the container. The metal is forced through the opening, the shape of which it assumes in cross-section, as the metal flows plastically under the great pressures used. Tees using raw material with a bigger diameter than the finished product, the branch outlet is extruded from pipe while the main body is being pressed. The outlet’s wall thickness can also be adjusted as needed. Applied to Tees with large diameters, heavy wall thickness and/or special material with challenging workability that cannot be manufactured using the hydraulic bulge method. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ELBOWS: Mandrel method (Hot Forming) One of the most common manufacturing methods for manufacturing Elbows from pipes. After heating the raw material, it is pushed over a die called “mandrel” which allows the pipe to expand and bend simultaneously. Applicable to a wide size range. Elbows of steel pipe joints are used in the industrial plants and are mainly manufactured by the hot mandrel bending from raw material of straight steel pipe. Elbows are generally manufactured at elevated temperature by means of pushing, expanding and bending of pipes simultaneously, using the inner tool of mandrel. Characteristics of mandrel bending strongly depend on the integrated shape and dimensions of the mandrel. Elbows manufactured by using hot mandrel bending have advantages of small thickness deviation and shorter bending radius than those of any other bending method type. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 CAPS: Deep Drawing method One of the most common manufacturing methods for caps, where plate is cut out in a circle and formed by deep drawing. Deep drawing is the manufacturing process of forming sheet metal stock, called blanks, into geometrical or irregular shapes that are more than half their diameters in depth. Deep drawing involves stretching the metal blank around a plug and then moving it into a moulding cutter called a die. A drawing press can be used for forming sheet metal into different shapes and the finished shape depends on the final position that the blanks are pushed down in. The metal used in deep drawing must be malleable as well as resistant to stress and tension damage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

ASTM StandardsBarButt Weld FittingsForgingsPipe, Welded & SeamlessTube, WeldedTube, SeamlessPlateA276, A479A403A182A312A249A213A240 Minimum Physical PropertiesTensile StrengthYield Strength75 KSI Min.30 KSI Min. Chemical Composition (wt%)CMnPSSiNiCrFeMo0.04 – 0.082.00 Max0.04 Max0.03 Max0.75 Max19.0 – 22.024.0 – 26.0Balance0.75 Max Properties Type 310S stainless steel, like 309S, is best known for high temperature service. Both alloys work well up to 2000 degF, especially if oxidation resistance is required. 309 and 310S are considered to be the premier high temperature performers among the common stainless grades available from our stock. High nickel and chromium content and a coarse grain structure result in: * Improved resistance to cyclic oxidation * Increased resistance to sulfidation * Better high temperature strength * Improved resistance to intergranular corrosion Applications Just like 309S, 310S is used by the environmental, chemical processing and refining industries. Some equipment made 310S includes: incinerators, furnaces, burners, kilns, annealing and carburizing boxes, combustion chambers, salt pots, thermo wells, gas turbines, retorts, flairs and equipment to handle sulfite liquors. www.wilsonpipeline.com

ASTM StandardsBarButt Weld FittingsForgingsPipe, Welded & SeamlessTube, WeldedTube, SeamlessPlateA 276, A479A403A182A312A249A213A240 Minimum Physical PropertiesTensile StrengthYield StrengthElongationHardness75 KSI / 515 MPA30 KSI / 205 MPA40% Min.RB 92 Max. Chemical Composition (wt%)CMnPSSiNiCrFe0.04 – 0.102.00 Max0.045 Max0.03 Max1.00 Max8.0 – 11.018.0 – 20.0Balance Properties 304L is probably the world’s most common stainless steel. The “L” stands for “Low” and refers to the carbon content. 0.035 percent is the maximum allowable carbon content in 304L grade. The “H” in 304H stands for “High” carbon content. 304H must contain not less than 0.04 percent carbon, nor more than 0.10 percent. The higher carbon content of 304H increases its strength, so the ASTM tensile and yield strength of 304H is greater than 304L. 304H has greater short term and long term creep strength than 304L at temperatures up to 500 degrees C, and 304H is more resistant to sensitization than 304L. In ASME pressure vessels for use above 525 degrees C, the carbon content of 304 stainless must be 4 percent or more. 304H is required in such applications. Applications 304H is most commonly used in petroleum refineries. It is also found in boilers. Other applications include heat exchangers, condensers, pipelines, cooling towers, steam exhausts, and electric generation plants. On occasion it will also be found in fertilizer and chemical plants. www.wilsonpipeline.com

ASTM StandardsBarButt Weld FittingsForgingsPipe, Welded & SeamlessTube, WeldedTube, SeamlessPlateA276, A479A403A182A312A249A213A240 Minimum Physical PropertiesTensile StrengthYield Strength75 KSI Min.30 KSI Min. Chemical Composition (wt%)CMnPSSiNiCrFeCb&Ta0.04 – 0.082.00 Max0.04 Max0.03 Max0.75 Max9.0 – 13.017.0 – 20.0Balance0.2 – 0.6 Properties 321 and 347 are austenitic stainless steels that contain stabilizing elements. Both alloys are easily welded. Annealing is not required after welding unless stress relief is desired. Both grades have excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. With high creep strength, these alloys work best up to 1600 degF. The addition of titanium in 321, and columbium plus tantalum in 347 give some desired characteristics: * Prevents harmful carbide precipitation in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weld area * Imparts substantial immunity to intergranular corrosion * Reduced embrittlement in the HAZ of the weld area Applications Both alloys are common to the petroleum refining industries: they are used to make radiant superheaters, boiler tubes, high pressure steam pipes, and general refinery piping. They are also used for heavy duty exhaust systems and manifolds. www.wilsonpipeline.com