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The following is a discussion of the various types of stainless steel. 18-8: 300 series stainless steel having approximately (not exactly) 18% chromium and 8% nickel. The term “18-8” is used interchangeably to characterize fittings made of 302, 302HQ, 303, 304, 305, 384, XM7, and other variables of these grades with close chemical compositions. There is little overall difference in corrosion resistance among the “18-8” types, but slight differences in chemical composition do make certain grades more resistant than others do against particular chemicals or atmospheres. “18-8” has superior corrosion resistance to 400 series stainless, is generally nonmagnetic, and is hardenable only by cold working. 304: The basic alloy. Type 304 (18-8) is an austenitic stainless steel possessing a minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel, combined with a maximum of 0.08% carbon. It is a nonmagnetic stainless steel which cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but instead. must be cold worked to obtain higher tensile strengths. The 18% minimum chromium content provides corrosion and oxidation resistance. The alloy’s metallurgical characteristics are established primarily by the nickel content (8% mm.), which also extends resistance to corrosion caused by reducing chemicals. Carbon, a necessity of mixed benefit, is held at a level (0.08% max.) that is satisfactory for most service applications. The stainless alloy resists most oxidizing acids and can withstand all ordinary rusting. HOWEVER, IT WILL TARNISH. It is immune to foodstuffs, sterilizing solutions, most of the organic chemicals and dyestuffs, and a wide variety of inorganic chemicals. Type 304, or one of its modifications, is the material specified more than 50% of the time whenever a stainless steel is used. Because of its ability to withstand the corrosive action of various acids found in fruits, meats, milk, and vegetables, Type 304 is used for sinks, tabletops, coffee urns, stoves, refrigerators, milk and cream dispensers, and steam tables. It is also used in numerous other utensils such as cooking appliances, pots, pans, and flatware. Type 304 is especially suited for all types of dairy equipment – milking machines, containers, homogenizers, sterilizers, and storage and hauling tanks, including piping, valves, milk trucks and railroad cars. This 18-8 alloy is equally serviceable in the brewing industry where it is used in pipelines, yeast pans, fermentation vats, storage and railway cars, etc. The citrus and fruit juice industry also uses Type 304 for all their handling, crushing, preparation, storage and hauling equipment. In those food processing applications such as in mills, bakeries, and slaughter and packing houses, all metal equipment exposed to animal and vegetable oils, fats, and acids is manufactured from Type 304. Type 304 is also used for the dye tanks, pipelines buckets, dippers, etc. that come in contact with the lormic, acetic, and other organic acids used in the dyeing industry. In the marine environment, because of it slightly higher strength and wear resistance than type 316 it is also used for nuts, bolts, screws, and other fasteners. It is also used for springs, cogs, and other components where both wear and corrosion resistance is needed.Type Analysis of Stainless Type 304Carbon0.08% max.Silicon1.00% max.Manganese2.00% max.Chromium18.00-20.00%Phosphorus0.045% max.Nickel8.00-10.50%Sulfur0.030% max. 316: For severe environments. Of course, there are many industrial processes that require a higher level of resistance to corrosion than Type 304 can offer. For these applications, Type 316 is the answer. Type 316 is also austenitic, non-magnetic, and thermally nonhardenable stainless steel like Type 304. The carbon content is held to 0.08% maximum, while the nickel content is increased slightly. What distinguishes Type 316 from Type 304 is the addition of molybdenum up to a maximum of 3%. Molybdenum increases the corrosion resistance of this chromium-nickel alloy to withstand attack by many industrial chemicals and solvents, and, in particular, inhibits pitting caused by chlorides. As such, molybdenum is one of the single most useful alloying additives in the fight against corrosion. By virtue of the molybdenum addition, Type 316 can withstand corrosive attack by sodium and calcium brines, hypochlorite solutions, phosphoric acid; and the sulfite liquors and sulfurous acids used in the paper pulp industry. This alloy, therefore, is specified for industrial equipment that handles the corrosive process chemicals used to produce inks, rayons, photographic chemicals, paper, textiles, bleaches, and rubber. Type 316 is also used extensively for surgical implants within the hostile environment of the body. Type 316 is the main stainless used in the marine environment, with the exception of fasteners and other items where strength and wear resistance are needed, then Type 304 (18-8) is typically used.Type Analysis of Stainless Type 316:Carbon0.08% max.Silicon1.00% max.Manganese2.00% max.Chromium16.00-18.00%Phosphorus0.045% max.Nickel10.00-14.00%Sulfur0.030% max.Molybdenum2.00-3.00% We’ve added this more basic breakdown that includes just about every other grade of stainless steel we’ve heard of: Other Types of Stainless and grades: Austenitic: Type 301 contains less chromium and nickel than 302 for more work hardening. Type 302 is the basic type of the 300 series, 18% chromium— 8% nickel group. It is the renowned 188 Stainless and is the most widely used of the chromium nickel stainless and heat resisting steels. Type 303 contains added phosphorus and sulfur for better machining characteristics.Corrosion resistance is slightly less than 302/304. Type 303Se contains Se and P added to improve machinability. Type 305 has increased nickel to lower work hardening properties. Type 309309Shave added chromium and nickel for more corrosion resistance and high temperature scaling resistance. 309S contains less carbon to minimize carbide precipitation. Type 310310Shave higher nickel content than 309309Sto further increase scaling resistance.310S contains less carbon than 310 to minimize carbide precipitation. Type 321 contains titanium to tie up the carbon and avoid chromium carbide precipitation in welding. Type 330 ultra high nickel content provides best corrosion resistance to most furnace atmospheres. This grade has low coefficient of expansion, excellent ductility and high strength. Type 347 – 348 have columbium tantalum added to tie up the carbon and avoid chromium carbide precipitation in welding. Use for temperatures from 800to 1650 degrees F. Ferritic: Type 405 contains 12% chromium with aluminum added to prevent hardening. Type 430 is the basic type in the ferritic group, possessing good ductility and excellent resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Its scaling resistance is higher than 302 in intermittent service, somewhat lower in continuous use. Type 430F430Sehave sulfur and selenium (respectively) added for increased machinability. Type 442 has added chromium for improved resistance to scaling. Type 446 has still higher chromium content (27%) for added scaling resistance and is highest of the standard straight chromium types. Alloys with over 30% chromium become too brittle to process. Martensitic: Type 410 is the basic Martensitic type. It is the general purpose corrosion and heat resisting chromium stainless steel. It can be hardened by thermal treatment to a wide range of mechanical properties. It can be annealed soft for cold drawing and forming. This grade is always magnetic. Type 403 is a special high quality steel made for blades and buckets for steam turbine and jetengine compressors. This grade is eminently suited for very highly stressed parts. This material is magnetic in all conditions. Type 416416Se are modifications of Type 410, being the free machining, nonseizing, nongalling alloys. These properties are obtained by the addition of sulfur or selenium to Type 410.This is a heat treatable grade with corrosion resistance and other characteristics closely approaching those of Type 410. Type 420 is a chromium stainless steel capable of heat treatment to a maximum hardness of approximately 500 Brinell. It has a maximum corrosion resistance only in the fully hardened condition. Type 420 is magnetic in all conditions. Type 431 is a nickel bearing (1.252.00%)chromium stainless steel which may be heat treated to high mechanical properties. It is magnetic in all conditions of use. It has superior corrosion resistance to Types 410, 416, 420, 430 and 440 stainless steels. Established in 2008, wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a professional organizer and one-stop-shop supplier for stainless steel piping system products, including stainless steel pipes and stainless steel tubes, stainless steel forged flanges and butt-welding stainless steel pipe fittings, stainless steel pipe fittings, stainless steel elbows, stainless steel tees, stainless steel reducer, stainless steel stub end, stainless steel gaskets, stainless steel fasteners, stainless steel valves, Sanitary Services, stainless steel bar, etc. in China. We have devoted to providing the best solutions of steel materials and industrial equipment for our respected customers. We supply not only commonly used stainless steel materials (SS304/L,SS316/L,SS321), but also duplex and super duplex steel 1.4547, 1.4462, 1.4410 (S31254,S31803,S32750,S32760), special austenite stainless 310S, 347H, 347, 317L, 904L… wilsonpipeline products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining,Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

SPECIFICATIONS: GRADE 410 STAINLESS STEEL, AISI Type 410, UNS S41000, UNS S41008 410 Stainless Steel is a general purpose heat treatable stainless steel.  It resists corrosion attack by fresh water and atmospheric conditions. It has the ability to develop hardness and mechanical properties from heat treatment. 410 Stainless Steel is magnetic in all conditions. 410 Stainless Steel Applications: 410 Stainless Steel Machine parts 410 Stainless Steel Pump shafts 410 Stainless Steel Bolts 410 Stainless Steel Bushings 410 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings 410 Stainless Steel Bars 410 Stainless Steel Pipes 410 Stainless Steel Hardware 410 Stainless Steel Jet engine parts 410 Stainless Steel Mining machinery 410 Stainless Steel Tubes 410 Stainless Steel Rifle barrels 410 Stainless Steel Flanges 410 Stainless Steel Valves Chemistry (range or maximum in %) GRADECMNSNICROTHER4100.151.000.03–11.50/13.50– Grade 410 Stainless Steel Bars PropertiesGRADESHAPESIZE RANGETENSILE KSIYIELD KSIELONGATION %RED. OF AREA %BRINELL HARDNESSRELATIVE MACHINABILITY*SPECIFICATION410Rounds1/2″ – 7-1/2″7540357015550%AMS 2303/5612/5613/ ASTM A-276/A-314/A-479/A193 *Relative Machinability is based on AISI 1212 as 100% Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

The different alloying elements have specific effects on the properties of a stainless steel. It is the combined effect of all the alloying elements, heat treatment, and, to some extent, impurities that determine the property profile of a certain steel grade. It should be noted that the effect of the alloying elements differs to some extent between the different types of stainless steel. Chromium (Cr) This is the most important alloying element and it gives stainless steels their basic corrosion resistance. All stainless steels have a Cr content of at least 10.5% and the corrosion resistance increases the higher chromium content. Chromium also increases the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures and promotes a ferritic microstructure. Nickel (Ni) The main reason for adding nickel is to promote an austenitic microstructure. Nickel generally increases ductility and toughness. It also reduces the corrosion rate in the active state and is therefore advantageous in acidic environments. In precipitation hardening steels nickel is also used to form the intermetallic compounds that are used to increase strength. In martensitic grades adding nickel, combined with reducing carbon content, improves weldability. Molybdenum (Mo) Molybdenum significantly increases the resistance to both uniform and localized corrosion. It slightly increases mechanical strength and strongly promotes a ferritic microstructure. However, molybdenum also enhances the risk for the formation of secondary phases in ferritic, duplex, and austenitic steels. In martensitic stainless steels it increases the hardness at higher tempering temperatures due to its effect on carbide precipitation. Copper (Cu) Copper enhances corrosion resistance to certain acids and promotes an austenitic microstructure. It can also be added to decrease work hardening in grades designed for improved machinability. It may also be added to improve formability. Manganese (Mn) Manganese is generally used to improve hot ductility. Its effect on the ferrite/austenite balance varies with temperature: at low temperature manganese is an austenite stabilizer, but at high temperatures it will stabilize ferrite. Manganese increases the solubility of nitrogen and is used to obtain high nitrogen contents in duplex and austenitic stainless steels. Manganese, as an austenite former, can also replace some of the nickel in stainless steel. Silicon (Si) Silicon increases resistance to oxidation, both at high temperatures and in strongly oxidizing solutions at lower temperatures. It promotes a ferritic microstructure and increases strength. Carbon (C) Carbon is a strong austenite former that also significantly increases mechanical strength. In ferritic grades carbon strongly reduces both toughness and corrosion resistance. In martensitic grades carbon increases hardness and strength, but decrease toughness. Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is a very strong austenite former that also significantly increases mechanical strength. It also increases resistance to localized corrosion, especially in combination with molybdenum. In ferritic stainless steels nitrogen strongly reduces toughness and corrosion resistance. In martensitic grades nitrogen increases both hardness and strength but reduces toughness. Cobalt (Co) Cobalt is used in martensitic stainless steels, where it increases hardness and tempering resistance, especially at higher temperatures. Vanadium (V) Vanadium forms carbides and nitrides at lower temperatures, promotes ferrite in the microstructure, and increases toughness. It increases the hardness of martensitic stainless steels due to its effect on the type of carbide present. It also increases tempering resistance. It is only used in stainless steels that can be hardened. Tungsten (W) Tungsten is present as an impurity in most stainless steels, although it is added to some special grades, for example the superduplex grade 4501, to improve pitting corrosion resistance. Sulfur (S) Sulfur is added to certain stainless steels to increase their machinability. At the levels present in these grades, sulfur slightly reduces corrosion resistance, ductility, weldability, and formability. At Outokumpu the trademark PRODEC (PRODuction EConomy) is used for some grades with balanced sulfur levels for improved machinability. Lower levels of sulfur can be added to decrease work hardening for improved formability. Slightly increased sulfur content also improves the weldability of steel. Cerium (Ce) Cerium is one of the rare earth metals (REM) and is added in small amounts to certain heat-resistant grades to increase resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. Titanium (Ti) Titanium is a strong ferrite and carbide former, lowering the effective carbon content and promoting a ferritic structure in two ways. In austenitic stainless steels with increased carbon content it is added to increase the resistance to intergranular corrosion (stabilized grades), but it also increases mechanical properties at high temperatures. In ferritic grades titanium is added to improve toughness, formability, and corrosion resistance. In martensitic stainless steels titanium lowers the martensite hardness by combining with carbon and increases tempering resistance. In precipitation hardening steels, titanium is used to form the intermetallic compounds that are used to increase strength. Niobium (Nb) Niobium is a strong ferrite and carbide former. Like titanium, it promotes a ferritic structure. In austenitic stainless steels it is added to improve the resistance to intergranular corrosion (stabilized grades), but it also enhances mechanical properties at high temperatures. In ferritic grades niobium and/or titanium is sometimes added to improve toughness and to minimize the risk for intergranular corrosion. In martensitic stainless steels niobium lowers hardness and increases tempering resistance. In the US it is designated Columbium (Cb). Aluminum (Al) If added in substantial amounts aluminum improves oxidation resistance and is used in certain heat-resistant grades for this purpose. In precipitation hardening steels, aluminum is used to form the intermetallic compounds that increase the strength in the aged condition. Established in 2008, wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited supply not only commonly used stainless steel materials (SS304/L,SS316/L,SS321), but also duplex and super duplex steel 1.4547, 1.4462, 1.4410 (S31254,S31803,S32750,S32760), special austenite stainless 310S, 347H, 347, 317L, 904L… wilsonpipeline products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining,Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Stainless steel tube is obtainable as welded or seamless in square, round or rectangular shapes. Stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion and temperature and is also extremely tough. Common grades include: 304 316 321 347 Stainless Steel Tube Supply Chain Solutions wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a global stainless steel tube supplier carrying a wide range of stainless steel tubing for industrial, aerospace and oil & gas applications. Our worldwide distribution network includes warehouses in the United States, Canada, Mexico, France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Zhejiang. Stainless Steel Tube Applications Stainless steel tube can be used for a number of different applications, including: Instruments Food processing Stainless steel Pipes, Stainless steel valves, Stainless steel pipe fittings Bearings, shafts, sleeves Architectural moldings and trimmings Stainless Steel Tube Associated Processes Stainless steel tube can be subject to CNC machining as well as a number of other processing methods, including: Lathe cutting De-burring Grinding Boring Drilling Trepanning Laser cutting Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Stainless Steel 410 is the general purpose and most widely used of all the Martensitic grades of stainless steels. In its annealed condition it may be drawn, formed or shaped and because it is an air or oil quench hardening grade it can be hardened to high strength levels by subsequent heat treatments. While Stainless Steel 410 offers very good resistance to scaling up to 1200° F., and its mechanical properties are excellent, it is NOT recommended for applications in which severe corrosion is encountered. Stainless Steel 410 is used for springs, scrapers, fasteners, hardware brackets, furnace parts and burners. It is magnetic in all conditions. Tensile strength (as annealed) min. 65,000 PSI, yield strength minimum 30,000 PSI, and elongation in 2 inches at 20%. For solution annealing, slow controlled cooling from 1500/1600° F. For hardening, heat to 1700/1850°F. Quench in air or oil. The following specifications cover Stainless Steel 410 AISI 410 AMS 5504 AMS 5505 AMS 5591 AMS 5613 AMS 5776 ASTM A176 ASTM A182 (F6A, F8a) ASTM A193 (410,B6, B6X) ASTM A194 (410,B6, B6X) ASTM A240 ASTM A268 ASTM A276 ASTM A314 ASTM A336 ASTM A473 ASTM A479 ASTM A493 ASTM A511 ASTM A580 DIN 1.4006 UNS S41000 Related Metals: AF 410QDT(tm) Chemistry Data : Carbon 0.15 max Chromium 11.5 – 13.5 Iron Balance Manganese 1 max Phosphorus 0.04 max Silicon 1 max Sulphur 0.03 maxPrincipal Design Features Physical Data : Density (lb / cu. in.)0.28Specific Gravity7.7Specific Heat (Btu/lb/Deg F – [32-212 Deg F])0.11Electrical Resistivity (microhm-cm (at 68 Deg F))342Melting Point (Deg F)2790Modulus of Elasticity Tension29 wilsonpipeline is a supplier of stainless steel 410 pipes, stainless steel 410 tubes, stainless steel 904L fittings, stainless steel410 forgings, stainless steel 410 flanges, and stainless steel 410 fasteners including; stainless steel 410 nuts, stainless steel410 bolts and more. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Martensitic Stainless Steel 410 Subcategory: Metal; Stainless Steel; T 400 Series Stainless Steel; MartensiticComponentWt. %CMax 0.15Cr11.5 – 13.5MnMax 1NiMax 0.5PMax 0.04SMax 0.03SiMax 1 ​Characteristics: superior wear resistance, hardenable, excellent corrosion resistance. Applications: cutlery, dental and surgical instruments, nozzles, valve parts, hardened steel ball and seats for oil well pumps, separating screens and strainers, springs, shears, and wear surfaces. Information provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., LimitedPhysical PropertiesMetricEnglishCommentsDensity7.64 g/cc0.276 lb/in³Specific Gravity7.65 g/cc0.276 lb/in³Mechanical PropertiesHardness, Rockwell B8282Hardness, Rockwell B9898Hardened+Tempered 1200°FHardness, Rockwell C-7-7Hardening ResponseHardness, Rockwell C3535Hardened+Tempered 1000°FHardness, Rockwell C4040Hardened+Tempered 550°FHardness, Rockwell C4040Hardened+Tempered 600°FHardness, Rockwell C4141Hardened+Tempered 800°FHardness, Rockwell C4141Hardened+Tempered 900°FHardness, Rockwell C4343Hardened+Tempered 400°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1063 MPa154000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 1000°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1283 MPa186000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 600°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1289 MPa187000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 550°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1298 MPa188000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 900°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1300 MPa189000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 800°FTensile Strength, Ultimate1399 MPa203000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 400°FTensile Strength, Ultimate510 MPa74000 psiAnnealedTensile Strength, Ultimate767 MPa111000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 1200°FTensile Strength, Yield1022 MPa148000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 550°FTensile Strength, Yield1026 MPa149000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 600°FTensile Strength, Yield1076 MPa156000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 400°FTensile Strength, Yield290 MPa42100 psi0.2% offset, AnnealedTensile Strength, Yield589 MPa85400 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 1200°FTensile Strength, Yield845 MPa123000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 900°FTensile Strength, Yield882 MPa128000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 1000°FTensile Strength, Yield916 MPa133000 psiHardened 1800°F, Tempered 800°FElongation at Break34 %34 %AnnealedElectrical PropertiesElectrical Resistivity5.6e-005 ohm-cm5.6e-005 ohm-cmCTE, linear 20°C10.5 µm/m-°C5.83 µin/in-°F20°C-200°CCTE, linear 500°C11.6 µm/m-°C6.44 µin/in-°F20°C-600°CHeat Capacity0.46 J/g-°C0.11 BTU/lb-°FThermal Conductivity24.9 W/m-K173 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F100°CProcessing PropertiesMelt Temperature1482 – 1532 °C2700 – 2790 °FDescriptive PropertiesCorrosion Rate mils per year0.079 (5% Acetic Acid at 49°C)Hardened martensitic grades were tested after tempering at 204°C.Corrosion Rate mils per year0.062 (5% Phosphoric Acid at 49°C)Hardened martensitic grades were tested after tempering at 204°CPitting Potential, Volts vs Sat. Calomel Electrode0.502100 ppm Chloride solution at 24°C, pH5. Samples had ground surface. Hardened martensitic grades were tested after tempering at 204°C. Established in 2008, wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a professional organizer and one-stop-shop supplier for steel piping system products, including stainless steel pipe and tube, forged flange and fittings, butt-welding pipe fittings, elbow, tee, reducer, stub end, gaskets, fasteners, valves, Sanitary Services etc. in China. We have devoted to providing the best solutions of steel materials and industrial equipment for our respected customers. This information is provided by yaang.com

Stainless steel is often selected for its high corrosion resistance in addition to strength and fatigue endurance. At wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited, we have stainless steel bars stock under a wide range of different grades. Our stainless steel bars inventory includes three major stainless steel types including: Chrome-nickel, non-hardening, austenitic (non-magnetic): 303, 304, 316, 321, Nitronic 50 (UNS20910), and Nitronic 60 (UNS21800) Chrome, hardenable martensitic (magnetic): 410, 416, 422 Precipitation hardening, matrensitic (magnetic): 13CR-8NI, 15CR-5NI, 17CR-4NI, 17CR-4NI HH1150 Our stainless steel bars are stocked as round, plate, square, flat and hexagonal bars as well as angles. Our most common stainless steel bar grades include: 303 (UNS30300) 304 (UNS30400) 316 (UNS31600) 321 (UNS32100) 347 (UNS34700) 410 (UNS41000) 416 (UNS41600) 440C (S44004) Stainless Steel Bars Supply Chain Solutions wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry is a global steel bar distributor and processor carrying a wide range of stainless steel bars for your use. Our global distribution network includes warehouses in the United States, Canada, Mexico, France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Zhejiang. Stainless Steel Bars Associated Processes Stainless steel bars can be subject to CNC machining as well as a number of other processing methods, including: Sawing Drilling Lathe cutting Boring CNC machining Popular Stainless Steel Bars Applications Stainless steel bars can be used for a number of different applications, including: Stainless Steel Screw machine products Stainless Steel Shafts Stainless Steel Valves Stainless Steel Fittings Stainless Steel Gaskets Stainless Steel Fasteners Food processing equipment Instruments Stainless Steel Screws Stainless Steel Bearings Mining machinery Aircraft parts, exhaust manifolds Pumps Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

410 Stainless Steel is a basic straight chromium high hardenability martensitic stainless steel with good strength and fairly good corrosion resistance as generally supplied hardened and tempered in the tensile range 700 – 850 Mpa (condition R) Brinell range 201 – 255. Characterised by good corrosion resistance in mild atmospheric industrial and domestic environments coupled with good strength and excellent toughness in the hardened and tempered condition. 410 Stainless Steel due to its excellent hardenability is capable of being through hardened to over Rc40 depending upon carbon content and section size. Small sections can be air cooled and larger sections oil quenched for maximum through hardness.Pre hardened and tempered 410 Stainless Steel will also respond readily to nitriding achieving a typical surface hardness of over Rc65. The nitriding process however reduces the corrosion resistance and is therefore not generally recommended except for critical applications where the benefit outweighs all other considerations. ASTM 410 Stainless Steel Round Bars are used for parts requiring a combination of good strength and toughness, plus reasonable corrosion resistance. Typical applications are: Bolts, Bushings, Fasteners, Gas Turbine Parts, Mine Equipment, Pump Parts, Petrochemical Equipment, Steam Turbine Parts, Studs, Valve Parts etc. Material magnetic in all conditions.Specifications AustraliaAS 2837-1986 410GermanyW.Nr 1.4006 X10Cr13Great BritainBS970 Part3 1991 410S21 BS970 1955 EN56AJapanJIS G4303 SuS 410USAASTM A276-98b 410 SAE 51410 AISI 410 UNS S41000Chemical Composition Of ASTM 410 Stainless Steel Round BarsMin. %Max %Carbon0.090.15Silicon01.00Manganese01.00*Nickel01.00Chromium11.5013.50Phosphorous00.04Sulphur00.03*Nickel additional optionMechanical Property Requirements For Material in the Annealed and Heat Treated – Condition R To AS2837 – 1986 410 and BS970 Part3 1991 410S21Condition Annealed*RTensile Strength MpaMin700Max8500.2% Yield Strength MpaMin495Elongation on 5.65√S0 %Min15Impact Izod JMin34Hardness HBMin201Max207255*Material stocked generally in condition R. NB. Check the mill certificate if critical for end use. Typical Mechanical Properties At Room Temperature – *Hardened and Tempered to Condition RTensile Strength Mpa760Yield Strength Mpa595Elongation on 5.65√S0 %23Impact Charpy J J5390HardnessHB230Rc22*Typical Hardening Temperatures950oC – 1010oC*Typical Tempering Temperatures650oC – 680oC620oC – 660oCTypical Mechanical Properties At Room Temperature – Hardened By Oil Quench at 1010oC and Tempered as IndicatedTemperature oC250370480540590650Tensile Strengt Mpa1350129513006908307300.2% Yield Strength Mpa109510701020915725630Elongation in 50mm %171718192021Impact Charpy J7666*38*335295HardnessHB400400400285248223Rc434343302420High tensile strength and high yield strength plus fairly good impact properties obtained when tempered below 400oC. *Note drop in impact properties. Tempering within the range 400oC – 580oC should be avoided.Elevated Temperature Properties410 displays good resistance to scaling in continuous service up to 650oC. Its use however at these higher working Temperatures results in a substantial drop in tensile strength and hardness with subsequent increase in ductility. Typical Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures, Hardened at 1010oC and Tempered at 30oC Above Working TemperatureTempering Temperature oC510570620680Working Temperature oC480540590650Tensile Strength Mpa1200540350220Yield Strength Mpa965510320190Elongation in 50mm %15243039Room Temperature Hardness After TestHB390285240220Rc43312419NB. Creep and stress rupture strength is also substantially reduced at these higher working temperatures.Low Temperature Properties410 Stainless Steel is not recommended for use at sub-zero temperatures due to a substantial drop in impact properties consistent with most steels other than the austenitic steel types.Cold BendingIn the hardened and tempered as supplied condition, it will be more difficult due to the high yield strength which must be taken into account.Hot BendingIn the hardened and tempered as supplied condition, it is not recommended due to its affect on the mechanical properties within the heat affected zone. Corrosion Resistance410 Stainless Steel has better corrosion resistance than 416 grade, but lower than 431 grade. Also lower than most of the 400 series ferritic stainless steels, and all of the 300 series austenitic stainless steels.NB. It has optimum corrosion resistance in the hardened and tempered condition and is not therefore recommended for use in the annealed condition. It is most important that oxygen is always allowed to circulate freely on all stainless steel surfaces to ensure that a chrome oxide film is always present to protect it. If this is not the case, rusting will occur as with other types of non stainless steels.For optimum corrosion resistance surfaces must be free of scale and foreign particles. Finished parts should be passivated. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

410 stainless steel is a martensitic stainless steel commonly supplied in the hardened but still machineable condition. 410stainless steel is suitable for applications where high strength and moderate heat and corrosion resistance are required. Related Specifications BS970 410 S21 AISI ASTM A276 1.4006 UNS S41000 BS EN 10088 X12Cr13 Grade 410 stainless steel is commonly used for applications requiring good strength, toughness and reasonable corrosion. These characteristics make it suitable for applications and components such as gas and steam turbine parts, pumps, fasteners, studs, valve components and kitchen utensils. 410 stainless steel offers good corrosion resistance to atmospheric corrosion, water and some chemicals. Its optimum corrosion resistance is in the hardened and tempered condition and is best achieved by allowing oxygen to circulate freely on the surface which will form an oxide film which protects the steel. Keeping the surface free of scale and foreign particles improves corrosion resistance which makes 410 stainless steel suitable to exposure to chlorides in daily activities such as food and sports environments. Finished components should be passivated. For best corrosion resistance properties 410 stainless steel is mostly supplied in the ‘R’ condition as 410S21R Heat slowly to 820-900°C, hold until temperature is uniform through the steel. Soak well and allow to cool in the furnace. Pre heat carefully, then raise temperature to 1100-1200°C, hold until temperature is uniform through the steel. Do not forge below 900°C. After forging 410 stainless steel grade, cool slowly in a furnace or warm ashes. Heat slowly to 950-1020°C and hold until the temperature is uniform throughout the steel. After adequate soaking quench in oil or air cool.  Temper as soon as tools are hand warm. Heat carefully to a suitable tempering temperature. Soak as required and then allow to cool in air. Tempering between 600-700°C will achieve ‘R’ condition. 410 stainless steel can be tempered at lower temperatures to achieve higher tensile strengths but with lower impact properties. Tempering between 400-580°C is not advised as tempering within this range will seriously reduce impact properties and corrosion resistance. Heat treatment temperatures, including rate of heating, cooling and soaking times will vary due to factors such as the shape and size of each steel component. Other considerations during the heat treatment process include the type of furnace, quenching medium and transfer facilities for the work piece. Please consult your heat treatment provider for full guidance on heat treatment of 410 stainless steel. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

410 stainless steel is a corrosion and heat resistant 12% chromium steel. It is the most widely used of the hardenable stainless steels. Heat treated 410 stainless steel has mechanical properties comparable to the engineering alloy steel AISI 4130, coupled with the additional benefit of good corrosion resistance. 410 stainless steel is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion. Maximum corrosion resistance is obtained by hardening and polishing. Because 410 stainless steel is an air hardening steel, it must be given a high preheat, at least 350-400°F before welding, and immediately given a full anneal before the weldment cools. Otherwise the metal will harden, and cracking is likely. Matching composition filler metals are available, AWS E410 covered electrodes and ER410 bare filler wire. Alloy 82 (AWS ERNiCr-3) filler wire has also been used. This nickel alloy is comparatively low strength, and therefore accommodates some of the strain which may otherwise contribute to cracking in the 410 stainless steel weldment. Heat uniformly to 1200-1400°F, remove from furnace and air cool. This should result in Brinell hardness about 187. For maximum softness, heat to 1500-1650°F, furnace cool slowly to 1100°F, after which air cooling is permissible. Brinell hardness should be approximately 155. Heat to 1750-1850°F, soak at heat, and quench in oil. Light sections will also harden by air cooling. 410 will harden to some degree when heated 1500°F and over unless slowly cooled to below the critical temperature. Soak at heat at least one hour, longer for large sections, and air cool. Tempering 410 in the range 750-1050°F results in decreased impact toughness and somewhat reduced corrosion resistance. Chemistry CrMnNiCSiPSFeMIN11.5––0.08––––MAX13.51.00.750.151.00.040.03Balance Specifications AMS 5504 ASTM A 240 EN 1.4006 UNS S41000 Werkstoff 1.4006 Inventory 410 Stainless Steel Flanges, 410 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Common Trade Names 410, 410 Stainless Features Hardenable stainless steel which may be tempered as high as 1350°F to produce high impact toughness. Oxidation resistant through 1500°F intermittently, 1200°F continuously. Corrosion resistant. Applications Stainless steel Flanges Petrochemical equipment Stainless steel valves Mining machinery Distillation trays Physical Properties Density: 0.276 lb/inch3  Melting Point: 2723°F Modulus of Elasticity: 29 x 106  Electrical Resistivity: 343 ohm-circ mil/ftTemperature, °F21293212001450Coefficient* of Thermal Expansion, in/in°F x 10-65.56.26.56.6Thermal Conductivity Btu • ft/ft2 • hr • °F14.416.6–– * 70°F to indicated temperature. Mechanical Properties Tensile Properties, Typical Annealed ConditionTensile Strength, ksi60 – 750.2% Yield Strength, ksi32 – 42Elongation, %20 – 40Reduction of Area, %50 – 75 Heat Treated Condition – 1″ Stainless Steel Round Bar (Oil Quenched from 1800°F)Tempering Temperature, °F–300500700105011501200130014001500Tensile Strength, ksi193.5188.5181.6181.4124.1117.5113.0101.896.5131.80.2% Yield Strength149.8148.6143.6144.7110.3103.799.184.277.988.6Elongation, %17.017.316.816.020.821.322.023.525.019.5Reduction of Area, %56.859.760.761.167.266.166.568.869.959.6Hardness, Brinell388388388361255235229207189257 * Above data from wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited

Alloy 410 stainless steel flange is the general purpose 12% chromium martensitic stainless steel that can be heat treated to obtain a wide range of mechanical properties. 410 stainless steel flange possesses high strength and hardness coupled with good corrosion resistance. Alloy 410 stainless steel flange is ductile and can be formed. It is magnetic in all conditions. Specification Sheet: Alloy 410 (UNS S41000)  W. Nr. 1.4006 General Purpose 12% Chromium Martensitic Stainless Steel Possessing High Strength and Hardness Combined with Good Corrosion Resistance General Properties Applications Standards Oxidation Resistance Chemical Analysis Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Corrosion Resistance Fabrication Data General Properties Alloy 410 (UNS S41000) is a 12% chromium martensitic stainless steel flange that can be heat treated to obtain a wide range of mechanical properties. The alloy has good corrosion resistance along with high strength and hardness. In the annealed condition, 410 stainless steel flange is ductile and may be formed. It remains magnetic in both the annealed and heat treated conditions. Applications Cutlery Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processing Equipment Ore Processing Sugar Processing Gate valves Stainless Steel flange Standards ASTM……….A 240 ASME……….SA 240 AMS…………5504 Oxidation Resistance Alloy 410 stainless steel flange resists oxidation up to 1292°F (700°C) continuously, and up to 1500°F (816°C) on an intermittent basis. Physical Properties Density 0.28 lbs/in3 7.74 g/cm3 Specific Heat 0.11 BTU/lb-°F (32 – 212°F) 0.46 J/kg-°K (0 – 100°C) Modulus of Elasticity 29 x 106 psi 200 GPa Thermal Conductivity 212°F (100°C) 14.4 BTU/hr/ft2/ft/°F 24.9 W/m-°K Melting Range 2700 – 2790°F 1480 – 1530°C Electrical Resistivity 22.50 Microhm-in at 68°C 57 Microhm-cm at 20°C Mechanical Properties Typical Values at 68°F (20°C) Corrosion Resistance Alloy 410 stainless steel flange is resistant to atmospheric conditions, water and some chemicals. It can be used in environments containing weak or diluted acetic acid, naptha, nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The alloy is also resistant to acids contained in foods. 410 stainless steel flange can also be used in slightly chlorinated and desaereted water. It performs well in oil and gas applications where desaereted and low hydrogen sulfide exist. However, the alloy is prone to chloride attack, particularly in oxidizing conditions. 410 stainless steel flange operates well in environments requiring moderate corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties. Fabrication Data Heat Treatment Annealing – Heat slowly to 1500 – 1650°F (816 – 899°C), cool to 1100oF (593°C) in furnace, air cool Process Annealing – Heat to 1350 – 1450°F (732 – 788°C), air cool Hardening – Heat to 1700 – 1850°F (927 – 1010°C), air cool or oil quench. Follow by stress-relief or temper  Stress Relieving – Heat to 300 – 800°F (149 – 427°C) for 1 to 2 hours, air cool Tempering – Heat to 1100 – 1400°F (593 – 760°C) for 1 to 4 hours, air cool Cold Forming The alloy can be cold worked with moderate forming in the annealed condition. Hot Forming It is typically done in the 1382 – 2102°F (750 – 1150°C) range followed by air cooling. For smaller flange deformation such as bending, preheating should be done in the 212 – 572°F (100 – 300°C) temperature range. If a flange undergoes substantial deformation it should undergo a re-anneal or stress-relieving treatment at about 1202°F (650°C). Machining Alloy 410 stainless steel flange is best machined in the annealed condition at surface speeds of 60 – 80 feet (18.3 – 24.4m) per minute. Post machining decontamination and passivation are recommended. Welding Due to its martensitic structure, Alloy 410 stainless steel flange has limited weldability because of its hardenability. A post-weld heat treatment should be considered to assure the attainment of the required properties. When weld filler is needed, AWS E/ER 410, 410 NiMo and 309L are the most widely specified. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Type 410 (UNS S41000) is a martensitic stainless steel that can achieve a variety of properties through heat treatment. This alloy has good corrosion resistance and high strength and hardness. Type 410 stainless steel is reserved for applications that require some corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties. Type 410 Stainless Steel Specifications: ASTM A240 for annealed condition ASTM A666 for tempered material*Composition per ASTM A240Carbon.080 -.150Manganese1.00 MaxPhosphorus.040 MaxSulfur.030 MaxSilicon1.00 MaxChromium11.50 -13.50Nickel.75 MaxNitrogen Molybdenum Mechanical Properties (Annealed, Per ASTM A240)UTS65,000 ksi MinElongation % in 2″20.00 MinRockwell Hardness  RB96.00 Max ​* Tempered mechanical properties are available upon request. Type 410 Stainless Steel Applications: Hardware Stainless Steel Flanges Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Nuts Stainless Steel Bolts Stainless Steel Screws Kitchenware Knives and other kitchen utensils Magnetic Properties: Type 410 stainless steel is magnetic in all conditions. Forming: Type 410 stainless steel has a moderate ability to be formed and drawn into other shapes. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)