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Duplex stainless steel 2205 (UNS S32305/S31803) is a 22% chromium, 3% molybdenum, 5-6% nickel, nitrogen alloyed duplex stainless steel with high general, localized, and stress corrosion resistance properties in addition to high strength and excellent impact toughness. Duplex stainless steel 2205 provides pitting and crevice corrosion resistance superior to 316L or 317L austenitic stainless steelin almost all corrosive media. It also has high corrosion and erosion fatigue properties as well as lower thermal expansion and higher thermal conductivity than austenitic. The yield strength is about twice that of austenitic stainless steel. This allows a designer to save weight and makes the alloy more cost competitive when compared to 316L or 317L. Standards ASTM/ASME………..A240 UNS S32205/S31803 EURONORM………..1.4462 X2CrNiMoN 22.5.3 AFNOR……………….Z3 CrNi 22.05 AZ DIN…………………….W. Nr 1.4462 Corrosion Resistance General Corrosion Because of its high chromium (22%), molybdenum (3%), and nitrogen (0.18%) contents, the corrosion resistance properties of 2205 are superior to that of 316L or 317L in most environments. Localized Corrosion Resistance The chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen in 2205 also provide excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion even in very oxidizing and acidic solutions. Stress Corrosion Resistance The duplex microstructure is known to improve the stress corrosion cracking resistance of stainless steels. Chloride stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel can occur when the necessary conditions of temperature, tensile stress, oxygen, and chlorides are present. Since these conditions are not easily controlled, stress corrosion cracking has often been a barrier to utilizing 304L, 316L, or 317L. Corrosion Fatigue Resistence Duplex stainless steel 2205 combines high strength and high corrosion resistance to produce high corrosion fatigue strength. Applications in which processing equipment is subject to both an aggresively corrosive enviroment and to cycle loading can benefit from the properties of 2205. General Corrosion in Wet Process Phosphoric Acids Corrosion Rate, ipyGradeSolution A, 1401/4FSolution B, 1201/4F22053.13.9316L>200>200904L476.3 Composition, wt%P2O5HClHFH2SO4Fe2O3Sol A 54.00.061.14.10.27Sol B 27.50.341.31.720.4 Composition, wt%P2O5Al2OSiO2CaOMgOSol A 54.00.170.100.200.70Sol B 27.50.010.30.02— Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance GradeBoiling 42% MgCI2Wick TestBoiling 25% NaCI2205FPP254 SMO®FPPAlloy 316LFFFAlloy 317LFFFAlloy 904LFF or PF or PAlloy 20FPP (P=Pass, F=Fail) Chemical Analysis Typical values (Weight %) CCrNiMoNOthers0.02022.15.63.10.18S=0.001PREN = [Cr%] = 3.3 [Mo%] = 16 [N%] ≥ 34 Mechanical Properties Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature ASTM A 240Typical Yield Strength 0.2%, ksi65 min.74 Tensile Strength, ksi90 min.105 Elongation %25 min.30 Hardness HB293 max.256 Tensile Properties at Elevated Temperatures Temperature °F122212392572Yield Strength (0.2%), ksi60524541Tensile Strength, ksi96908381 Physical Properties Temperature °F68212392572Densitylb/in30.278———Modulus of Elasticitypsi x 10627.626.125.424.9Linear Expansion (681T4F-T)10-6/°F—7.57.88.1Thermal ConductivityBtu/h ft. °F8.79.29.810.4Heat CapacityBtu/lb/°F0.1120.1190.1270.134Electrical Resistivityin x 10-633.535.437.439.4 Structure The chemical analysis of 2205 is optimized to obtain a typical 50 a/ 50 gmicrostructure after solution annealing treatment at 1900°/1922°F (1040°/1080°C). Heat treatments performed above 2000°F may result in an increase of ferrite content. Like all duplex stainless steels, 2205 is susceptible to precipitation of intermetallic phases, usually referred to as sigma phase. Intermetallic phases precipitate in the range of 1300°F to 1800°F, with the most rapid precipitation occurring at about 1600°F. Thus, it is prudent to have 2205 pass a test for the absence of intermetallic phases, such as those in ASTM A 923. Processing Hot Forming Forming below 600°F is recommended whenever possible. When hot forming is required, the workpiece should be heated uniformly and worked in the range of 1750 to 2250°F. Duplex stainless steel 2205 is quite soft at these temperatures and is readily formed. Above this range, 2205 is subject to hot tearing. Immediately below this range, the austenite becomes substantially stronger than the ferrite and may cause cracking, a particular danger to “cold” edges. Below 1700°F there can be rapid formation of intermetallic phases because of the combination of temperature and deformation. Whenever hot forming is done, it should be followed by a full solution anneal at 1900°F minimum and rapid quench to restore phase balance, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Stress relieving is not required or recommended; however, if it must be performed, the material should receive a full solution anneal at 1900°F minimum, followed by rapid cooling or water quenching. Cold Forming Duplex stainless steel 2205 is readily sheared and cold formed on equipment suited to working stainless steels. However, because of the high strength and rapid work hardening of 2205, forces substantially higher than those for austenitic steels are required to cold form 2205. Also because of the high strength, a somewhat larger allowance must be made for springback. Heat Treatment Duplex stainless steel 2205 should be annealed at 1900°F minimum, followed by rapid cooling, ideally by water quenching. This treatment applies to both solution annealing and stress relieving. Stress relief treatments at any lower temperature carry the risk of precipitation of detrimental intermetallic or nonmetallic phases. Machinability With high-speed steel tooling, 2205 may be machined at the same feeds and speeds as Alloy 316L. When carbide tooling is used, cutting speeds should be reduced by about 20% relative to the speeds for Alloy 316L. Powerful machines and rigid mounting of tools and parts are essential. Welding Duplex stainless steel 2205 possesses good weldability. The goal of welding 2205 is that the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) retain the corrosion resistance, strength, and toughness of the base metal. The welding of 2205 is not difficult, but it is necessary to design welding procedures that lead to a favorable phase balance after welding and will avoid precipitation of detrimental intermetallic or nonmetallic phases. 2205 can be welded by: GTAW (TIG); GMAW (MIG); SMAW (“stick” electrode); SAW; FCW; and PAW. Applications of Duplex stainless steel Duplex stainless steel is typically used in: Chemical processing, transport and storage Oil and gas exploration and offshore rigs Oil and gas refining Marine environments Pollution control equipment Pulp & paper manufacturing Chemical process plant Supplied Forms wilsonpipeline typically supplies 2205 duplex stainless steel in the following forms: Duplex stainless steel Fittings & Duplex stainless steel Flanges Duplex stainless steel Pipe Duplex stainless steel Plate Duplex stainless steel Sheet Duplex stainless steel U Tube Duplex stainless steel Bar Source: wilsonpipeline For more information on this source please visit https://www.wilsonpipeline.com/ .

Nickel alloy 20 is a low-carbon, niobium-stabilized austenitic nickel/iron/chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum and copper. It exhibits exceptional corrosion resistance in chemical environments containing phosphoric acid, nitric acid, chlorides and sulfuric acid. It also has good mechanical properties at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The following sections will discuss in detail about nickel alloy 20. Chemical Composition The chemical composition nickel alloy 20 is outlined in the following table.ElementContent (%)Iron, Fe35Nickel, Ni32-38Chromium, Cr19-21Copper, Cu3-4Manganese, Mn≤2Molybdenum, Mo2-3Niobium, Nb≤1Silicon, Si≤1Carbon, C≤0.07Phosphorous, P≤0.045Sulfur, S≤0.035 Physical Properties The following table shows the physical properties of nickel alloy 20.PropertiesMetricImperialDensity8.05 g/cm30.291 lb/in3 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of nickel alloy 20 are displayed in the following table.PropertiesMetricImperialTensile strength (annealed)620 MPa89900 psiYield strength (annealed)300 MPa43500 psiElongation at break (annealed)41%41% Thermal Properties The thermal properties of nickel alloy 20 are given in the following tablePropertiesMetricImperialThermal expansion co-efficient (@20-100°C/68-212°F)14.7 µm/m°C8.17 µin/in°FThermal conductivity12.3 W/mK85.4 BTU.in/hrft².°F Other Designations Other designations that are equivalent to nickel alloy 20 include the following: ASME SB-462 – SB-464 ASME SB-468 ASTM B 462 – B 464 ASTM B 468 ASTM B 472 – B 474 ASTM B 751 Applications The following are the list of applications of nickel 205 alloy: Alloy 20 cap fitting Chemical and petroleum processing equipment Mixing tanks Heat exchangers Special steel alloy 20 flanges This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited.

Duplex 2205 is a nitrogen enhanced duplex stainless steel developed for combating common corrosion issues encountered with the 300 series stainless steels. wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited supplies duplex and super duplex stainless steels in plate, sheet, bar, pipe, pipe fittings, flanges, tube and weld wire. “Duplex” is a stainless steel family that is neither fully austenitic, such as 304 stainless, nor ferritic such as 430 stainless steel. The 2205 duplex stainless steel structure consists of austenite pools surrounded by a continuous ferrite phase. In the annealed condition, 2205 has approximately 40-50% ferrite. The 2205 Duplex is mostly referred to as the work horse grade and is the most widely used grade in the duplex family of stainless steels. The benefit of a duplex structure is that the favorable qualities of a ferritic alloy are combined with those of an austenitic alloy that features corrosion resistance and ease of fabrication. Usage of 2205 Duplex stainless steel should be limited to temperatures below 600° F. Extended elevated temperature exposure can embrittle 2205 stainless. Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of 2205 Duplex is:CrNiMoCNMnSiPSFe22.0-23.04.50-6.503.00-3.50.030 Max0.14-0.202.00 Max1.00 Max.030 Max.020 MaxBalance Corrosion Resistance The 2205 duplex stainless steel is an economical solution for a number of applications where the 300 series stainless steels are susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Stress corrosion cracking occurs when stainless steels are subjected to tensile stress, while in contact with solutions containing chlorides. The susceptibility of stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking is also increased by increasing temperatures. Combining molybdenum, chromium and nitrogen result in 2205 having good resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion. This resistance is highly important for services such as marine environments, brackish water, bleaching operations, closed loop water systems and some food processing applications. The high chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen contents of 2205 offer corrosion resistance superior to common stainless steels, such as, 316L and 317L in most environments. Mechanical Properties (Specified Tensile Properties ASTM A240) The mechanical properties of Duplex 2205 are provided in the table:Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi Minimum.2% Yield Strength, ksi MinimumHardness Max.956531 Rockwell C Forms of Duplex 2205 The available forms of Duplex 2205 are: Duplex 2205 Pipes & Duplex 2205 Tubes (welded & seamless) Duplex 2205 Pipe Fittings (i.e., duplex 2205 flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) ASTM SpecificationsPipe SmlsPipe WeldedTube SmlsTube WeldedSheet/PlateBarFlanges, Fittings & ValvesA790A790A789A789A240A276A182 Applications The applications of Duplex 2205 are: Chemical process vessels In what applications, piping and heat exchangers Flue gas desulfurization equipment Pulp mill digesters, bleach washers, chip pre-steaming vessels Food processing equipment Oil field piping and heat exchangers. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited.

Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 (UNS S31803) is one of the most recognized and widely used duplex stainless steel grade, with excellent general corrosion resistance and superiority over grade 304 or 316 in most environments. wilsonpipeline is a manufacturer and supplier of various grades of duplex stainless steels including UNS 31803 (F51) and UNS 32205 (F60) Alloy 2205. The ratio of ferrite to austenite in Duplex stainless steel is approximately 50:50. The characteristic feature of duplex stainless steels is their dual phase microstructure, comprising of approximately 50% of austenitic and 50% of ferrite. The yield strength of duplex stainless steel is typically double that of austenitic stainless steel. Duplex stainless steel fittings, duplex stainless steel pipes and duplex stainless steel flanges are one of the key product items of wilsonpipeline and are widely supplied from stock to various industries such as chemical, petrochemical, marine, oil and gas and transportation. Duplex pipes, tubing’s and fittings are widely used for oil field piping works and heat exchangers. Duplex stainless steel pipes and duplex stainless steel pipe fittings are considered as a cost effective grade due to lower nickel and molybdenum contents than their austenitic counterparts of similar corrosion resistance.  Due to the lower alloying content, duplex stainless steels are generally lower in cost.  Also, due to higher yield strength it could also be possible to reduce the thickness of duplex stainless steel products, compared to austenitic stainless steel.  The dual benefit of lower prices and weight savings make duplex stainless steels economically very effective for project managers. When compared to 2205 grade duplex stainless steel, 904L has similar corrosion resistant properties but lower mechanical strength. 2205 is also a lower cost option compared to 904L, but is not suitable for temperatures above 300°C.  Grade 2205 is not generally suitable for use at temperatures above 300°C as it suffers from precipitation of brittle micro-constituents, nor below -50°C because of its ductile-to-brittle-transition. Duplex Stainless Steel – Alloy 2205 (UNS S31803) Specifications Duplex Stainless Steel Grade Forgings: ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – Forgings Grade F51 Duplex Stainless Steel Grade Castings: ASTM A890 grade 4A Seamless Duplex Stainless Steel Pipes / Tubes: ASTM A 789 / 790, ASME SA 789 / 790 Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes / Pipes: ASTM A 789 / 790, ASME SA 789 / 790 Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings & Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges:  ASTM A 815, ASME SA 815 Duplex 2205 Chemical Composition, % Cr Ni Mo C N 22.0-23.0 4.50-6.50 3.00-3.50 .030 Max 0.14-0.20 Mn Si P S Fe 2.00 Max 1.00 Max .030 Max .020 Max Balance Physical & Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Grade 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Density 7.805 Melting Range,℃ 1450 ℃ Elongation % 25 min. Tensile Strength (Mpa) 655 Yield Strngth (Mpa) 450 Hardness (Brinell) 293 max * Technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only UNS S31803, 2205 Duplex Pipes, Tubes / Tubing, and Butt Weld Fittings Duplex stainless steel pipes and Duplex stainless steel tubes are available mainly in seamless form in both OD and NB sizes. In addition to standard sizes, which are available in stock, our specialty is to manufacture and supply custom size Alloy Duplex cold drawn seamless tubes from our factory. Duplex pipes and tubes can be offered in random lengths of up to 6meters long or cut to a specific length as ordered. UNS S31803, 2205 Duplex Seamless, Welded Pipe/ Tube, and Fittings Dimensions Out diameterWall thicknessLengthPipe NB Sizes1/4 “ ~ 16”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160Upto 6 MetersButt Weld Fittings NB Sizes1/2″ ~ 12”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160–Seamless (Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 203.2mmAs per requirementUpto 6 MetersWelded (in Stock + Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 1219.2mm1.0 ~ 15.0 mmUpto 6 Meters wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited

Alloy 254 SMO, commonly known as UNS S31254 is a super austenitic stainless steel, containing higher proportions of chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen, enabling high resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. 254 SMO is also referred to as one of the most widely used 6% Moly grade piping products. 254 SMO is around 50% stronger than 300-series austenitic stainless steels and is mainly suitable for high-chloride environments, as it offers chloride resistance superior to that of Alloy 904L Alloy 20 and Alloy 825. It is also characterized by high ductility and impact strength. wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a leading manufacturer and supplier of stainless steel alloy 254 SMO flanges, pipe, tube, pipe fittings, wire, forgings, flanges, and fasteners including; nuts, bolts, sockets, washers and more. 254 SMO flanges, pipes and tubing’s are widely supplied from stock to serve varied purposes including manufacture of process equipment for chemical industry, pulp and paper industry, gas cleaning systems, desalination, seawater handling, and manufacture of heat exchangers. In many applications, alloy 254 SMO flanges, pipes, tubing and pipe fittings products have been found technically adequate and more cost effective compared to nickel based alloys and titanium grades. 6% Moly, 254 SMO (UNS S31254) Specifications 254 SMO Seamless Pipes and Tubes: ASTM A269, ASTM A312 254 SMO Seamless & Welded Tubing: ASTM A249, ASTM A269, ASTM A312, ASTM A358 254 SMO Fasteners – Bolts, Nuts: ASTM A193, ASTM A194 254 SMO Pipe Fittings, Forgings & Flanges:  ASTM A182, ASTM A403, ASTM A473 6% Moly, 254 SMO (UNS S31254) Chemical Composition, % Cr Ni Mo C N 19.5-20.5 17.5-18.5 6.0 – 6.5 0.020 max. 0.18-0.22 Mn Si P S Cu 1.00 max. 0.80 max. 0.030 max. 0.010 max. 0.50-1.00 Chemical & Mechanical Properties of 6% Moly, 254 SMO (UNS S31254) 254SMO Stainless Steel Density (g/cm3) 8.0 Melting Range,℃ Elongation % 35 Tensile Strength (Mpa) 675 Yield Strngth (Mpa) 310 Hardness (Brinell) 96 approx. * Technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only 6% Moly, 254 SMO (UNS S31254) Pipes, Tubes / Tubing, and Butt Weld Fittings 254 SMO (UNS S31254) pipes and tubes are available mainly in seamless form in both OD and NB sizes. In addition to standard sizes, which are available in stock, our specialty is to manufacture and supply custom size 254 SMO (UNS S31254) cold drawn seamless tubes from our factory. 254 SMO (UNS S31254) pipes and tubes can be offered in random lengths of up to 6meters long or cut to a specific length as ordered. 6% Moly, 254 SMO (UNS S31254) Seamless, Welded Pipe/ Tube, and Fittings DimensionsOut diameterWall thicknessLengthPipe NB Sizes1/4 “ ~ 16”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160Upto 6 MetersButt Weld Fittings NB Sizes1/2″ ~ 12”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160–Seamless (Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 203.2mmAs per requirementUpto 6 MetersWelded (in Stock + Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 1219.2mm1.0 ~ 15.0 mmUpto 6 Meters Source – wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (https://www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Grade 904L stainless steels (UNS N08904) are non-stabilized austenitic stainless steels with low carbon content. This high alloy stainless steel is added with copper to improve its resistance to strong reducing acids, such as sulphuric acid. The steel is also resistant to stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion. Grade 904L is non-magnetic, and offers excellent formability, toughness and weldability. Grade 904L contains high amounts of expensive ingredients, such as molybdenum and nickel. Today, most of the applications that employ grade 904L are replaced by low-cost duplex stainless steel 2205. Key Properties The following sections describe the properties of flat rolled products in ASTM B625. The specifications may not be identical for other products such as bar, tube and pipe. Composition The table below provides the compositional ranges of grade 904L stainless steels: Table 1. Composition ranges of grade 904L stainless steels Grade C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni Cu 904L min. max. – 0.02 – 2 – 1 – 0.045 – 0.035 19 23 4 5 23 28 1 2 Mechanical Properties The typical mechanical properties of grade 904L stainless steels are given in the table below: Table 2. Mechanical properties of grade 904L stainless steels Grade Tensile Strength (MPa) min Yield Strength 0.2% Proof (MPa) min Elongation (% in 50mm) min Hardness Rockwell B (HR B) Brinell (HB) 904L 490 220 36 70-90 typical 150 Physical Properties The physical properties of grade 904L stainless steels are tabulated below: Table 3. Typical physical properties of grade 904L stainless steels Grade Density (kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Mean Co-eff of Thermal Expansion (µm/m/°C) Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) Specific Heat 0-100°C (J/kg.K) Elec Resistivity (nΩ.m) 0-100°C 0-315°C 0-538°C At 20°C At 500°C 904L 7900 190 15 – – 11.5 – 500 952 Grade Specification Comparison The following table outlines the approximate grade comparisons of 904L stainless steels: Table 4. Grade specifications of grade 904L stainless steels Grade UNS No Old British Euronorm Swedish SS Japanese JIS BS En No Name 904L N08904 904S13 – 1.4539 X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-5 2562 – Possible Alternative Grades The suitable alternatives to 904L stainless steels are tabulated below: Table 5. Possible alternative grades to grade 904L stainless steels Grade Reasons for choosing grade 904L 316L A lower cost alternative, but with much lower corrosion resistance. 6Mo A higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is needed. 2205 A very similar corrosion resistance, with the 2205 having higher mechanical strength, and at a lower cost to 904L. (2205 not suitable for temperatures above 300°C.) Super duplex Higher corrosion resistance is needed, together with a higher strength than 904L. Corrosion Resistance Grade 904L stainless steels have excellent resistance to warm seawater and chloride attack. The high resistance of grade 904L against stress corrosion cracking is due to the presence of high amounts of nickel in its composition. Moreover, the addition of copper to these grades develops resistance to sulphuric acid and other reducing agents in both aggressive and mild conditions. The corrosion resistance of grade 904L is intermediate between super austenitic grades, with 6% molybdenum content, and standard 316L austenitic grades. Grade 904L is less resistant to nitric acid than grades 304L and 310L, which are free of molybdenum. This steel grade needs to be solution treated following cold working, to achieve maximum stress corrosion cracking resistance under critical environments. Heat Resistance Grade 904L stainless steels offer good oxidation resistance. However, the structural stability of this grade collapses at high temperatures, particularly above 400°C. Heat Treatment Grade 904L stainless steels can be solution heat-treated at 1090 to 1175°C, following by rapid cooling. Thermal treatment is suitable for hardening these grades. Welding Welding of grade 904L stainless steels can be performed using all conventional methods. This grade does not require pre-heat and post-weld heat treatments. Grade 904L can be subjected to hot cracking in constrained weldment. Grade 904L electrodes and rods are used for welding grade 904L steels according to AS 1554.6. Fabrication Grade 904L stainless steels are high purity steels with low sulphur content. They can be machined using any standard methods. These grades can be readily bent to a small radius under cold conditions. Although subsequent annealing is not required in most cases, it should be carried out when the fabrication is performed under severe stress corrosion cracking conditions. Applications Some of the major applications of grade 904L stainless steels include: Wiring in electrostatic precipitators Oil refinery components Seawater cooling devices Gas scrubbing plants Pulp and paper processing industries Acetic, phosphoric and sulphuric acid processing plants Stainless Steel Flanges Source – wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (https://www.wilsonpipeline.com)

wilsonpipeline is a supplier of stainless steel 904L pipe, stainless steel 904L tube, stainless steel 904L fittings, stainless steel 904L forgings, stainless steel 904L flanges, and stainless steel 904L fasteners including; stainless steel 904L nuts, stainless steel 904L bolts and more. UNS NO8904, commonly known as 904L stainless steel, is a low carbon austenitic nickel-chromium stainless steel with additions of molybdenum and copper.  stainless steel 904L pipes, stainless steel 904L sheets and stainless steel plates and other stainless steel 904L product forms products are mainly used where the corrosion resistant properties of 316L and 317L are inadequate, especially in severe corrosive conditions. Due to the combination of high contents of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper, stainless steel 904L exhibits greater resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion and to general corrosion in reducing acids. When compared to 2205 grade duplex stainless steel, 904L has similar corrosion resistant properties but lower mechanical strength. 2205 is also a lower cost option compared to 904L, but is not suitable for temperatures above 300°C. Overall among the three grades i.e. 904L, 316L and 2205, 316L stainless steel is the lowest cost option, but offers comparatively lower corrosion resistance. Stainless steel 904L pipes, stainless steel 904L flanges and 904L fittings are widely used for manufacturing tanks, vessels, piping, heat exchangers, and other equipment used for handling sulphuric, phosphoric and acetic acids, bleaching operations in the pulp and paper industry. In addition, 904L tube is widely used for general piping requirements in the oil and gas, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Stainless Steel 904L Specifications Stainless Steel 904L Bars, Rods, Wire: ASTM B 649 / ASME SB 649 Stainless Steel 904L Seamless Pipe and Tubes: ASTM B677, ASME SB677 Stainless Steel 904L Welded Pipe / Tubes:  ASTM B 673 / 674, ASME SB 673 / 674 Stainless Steel 904L Fittings and Stainless Steel 904L Flanges: ASTM B 366 / ASME   SB 366 Stainless Steel 904L Chemical Composition, % C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni Cu Fe 0.020 max. 2.00 max. 1.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.035 max. 19.0 – 23.0 4.0 – 5.0 23.0 – 28.0 1.0- 2.0 Balance Physical & Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 904L 904L Density 8.00 Melting Range,℃ 1300-1390 ℃ Elongation % 35 min. Tensile Strength (Mpa) 490 Yield Strngth (Mpa) 220 Hardness (Brinell) 150 * Technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only Stainless Steel 904L Pipes, Tubes / Tubing, and Butt Weld Fittings Stainless steel 904L pipes and tubes are available in both seamless and welded form in OD and NB sizes. In addition to standard sizes, which are available in stock, our specialty is to manufacture and supply custom size Alloy 904L cold drawn seamless tubes from our factory. Stainless steel 904L pipes and tubes can be offered in random lengths of up to 6meters long or cut to a specific length as ordered. Stainless Steel 904L Seamless, Welded Pipe/ Tube, and Fittings DimensionsOut diameterWall thicknessLengthPipe NB Sizes1/4 “ ~ 16”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160Upto 6 MetersButt Weld Fittings NB Sizes1/2″ ~ 12”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160–Seamless (Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 203.2mmAs per requirementUpto 6 MetersWelded (in Stock + Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 1219.2mm1.0 ~ 15.0 mmUpto 6 Meters

Stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) is a very high end austenitic stainless steel. It is designed with a combination of impact toughness resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, and pitting and crevice corrosion with strength that is twice that of the stainless steel 300 series. For certain applications, grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) has been reported to be a cost-effective substitute for high nickel and titanium alloys. It is known to possess excellent workability as well. The following sections will discuss in detail about stainless steel grade 254 SMO. Chemical Composition The chemical composition of stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) is outlined in the following table.ElementContent (%)Iron, Fe55.69Chromium, Cr20Nickel, Ni18Molybdenum, Mo6.1Nitrogen, N0.20Carbon, C0.010 Physical Properties The physical properties of stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) are tabulated below.PropertiesMetricImperialDensity8 g/cm30.289 lb/in3 Mechanical Properties The following table shows mechanical properties of stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254).PropertiesMetricImperialTensile strength680 MPa98600 psiYield strength300 MPa43500 psiModulus of elasticity195 GPa28300 ksiShear modulus75 GPa10900 ksiPoisson’s ratio0.300.30Elongation at break50 %50 %Hardness, Brinell210210 Thermal Properties The thermal properties of stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) are tabulated below.PropertiesMetricImperialThermal expansion co-efficient (@20-100°C/68-212°F)16.5 µm/m°C9.17 µin/in°FThermal conductivity14 W/mK97.2 BTU in/hr.ft².°F Other Designations Other designations that are equivalent to stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) include the following.ASTM A813ASTM A469ASTM A269ASTM A240ASTM A182 (F44)ASTM A814 Fabrication and Heat Treatment Machinability Stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) is quite tough to machine due to the extremely high work hardening rate and lack of sulfur content; however using sharp tools, overpowered machine tools, positive feeds, good amount of lubrication, and slow speeds tend to provide good machining results. Welding Welding of stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) requires filler material without which it results in poor strength properties. Filler metals such as AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-3, and alloy 625 are recommended. Electrodes used in the process, have to match with AWS A5.11 ENiCrMo-12. Annealing Annealing of this material should be performed at 1149-1204°C (2100-2200°F), which should be followed by a water quench. Hot Working Forging, upsetting and other operations relating to this material can be performed at 982 – 1149°C (1800 – 2100°F). It is recommended that temperatures do not exceed this range as it would result in scaling and reduction in the workability of the material. To re-attain maximum corrosion resistant properties, it is advisable to perform post-process annealing. Cold Working Cold working can be carried out using all the traditional methods; however the process would be tough due to its high work hardening rate. The result will provide the material with increased strength and toughness. Hardening Stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) does not respond to heat treatment. Hardening is possible only through cold reduction. Applications Stainless steel grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) is used in the following areas: Saltwater handling Tall oil distillation columns Flue gas desulfurization scrubbers Components used in petroleum production Food processing equipment Process equipment in chemical industry Bleaching equipment in the pulp and paper industry Flue-gas cleaning Desalination Heat exchangers Source – wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (https://www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Event Name: The 6th 2014 Shanghai International Metal-Tube Exhibition Start Date: November 26, 2014, Friday End Date: November 28, 2014, Sunday Venue: Shanghai International Exhibition Center. City: Shanghai, China Organizers: Shanghai Steel Trade Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Society, Shanghai Metal Materials Enterprises Association, Shanghai Hot chamber of commerce, Shanghai Cold Rolled Galvanized Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai Steel Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai Asia Exhibition Co., LTD. Tel: 021-33518138 33519302 Fax: 021-33518099 Zip Code: 201800 Website:  www.sts-expo.cn Products: Stainless Steel Pipes Products, All Kinds of Metal Products, Metal Composite Pipes, Production and Processing Equipments and Tubular Products.

Duplex 2205 Stainless Steel (S31803 / S32205) is one of the most recognized and widely used duplex stainless steel grade, with excellent general corrosion resistance and superiority over grade 304 or 316 in most environments. wilsonpipeline is a stockholder and supplier of various grades of duplex stainless steels including UNS 31803 (F51) and UNS 32205 (F60) Duplex 2205. The ratio of ferrite to austenite in Duplex stainless steel is approximately 50:50. The characteristic feature of duplex stainless steel is their dual phase microstructure, comprising of approximately 50% of austenitic and 50% of ferrite. The yield strength of duplex stainless steel is typically double that of austenitic stainless steel. Duplex stainless steel fittings, duplex stainless steel pipes and duplex stainless steel flanges are one of the key product items ofwilsonpipeline and are widely supplied from stock to various industries such as chemical, petrochemical, marine, oil and gas and transportation. Duplex stainless steel tubes, flanges, pipes and fittings are widely used for oil field piping works and heat exchangers, duplex plates are used in manufacturing vessels, while duplex bars are used for manufacturing fasteners and high strength pump shafts. Duplex stainless steel pipes and fittings are considered as a cost effective grade due to lower nickel and molybdenum contents than their austenitic counterparts of similar corrosion resistance.  Due to the lower alloying content, duplex stainless steels are generally lower in cost.  Also, due to higher yield strength it could also be possible to reduce the thickness of duplex stainless steel products, compared to austenitic stainless steel.  The dual benefit of lower prices and weight savings make duplex stainless steels economically very effective for project managers. When compared to 2205 grade duplex stainless steel, 904L has similar corrosion resistant properties but lower mechanical strength. 2205 is also a lower cost option compared to 904L, but is not suitable for temperatures above 300°C.  Grade 2205 is not generally suitable for use at temperatures above 300°C as it suffers from precipitation of brittle micro-constituents, nor below -50°C because of its ductile-to-brittle-transition. Duplex Stainless Steel – Duplex 2205 (UNS S31803) Specifications Duplex Grade Forgings: ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – Forgings Grade F51 Duplex Grade Castings: ASTM A890 grade 4A Seamless Duplex Pipes / Tubes: ASTM A 789 / 790, ASME SA 789 / 790 Welded Duplex Pipes / Tubes: ASTM A 789 / 790, ASME SA 789 / 790 Duplex Stainless Steel Fittings & Flanges :  ASTM A 815, ASME SA 815 Duplex 2205 Chemical Composition, % Cr Ni Mo C N 22.0-23.0 4.50-6.50 3.00-3.50 .030 Max 0.14-0.20 Mn Si P S Fe 2.00 Max 1.00 Max .030 Max .020 Max Balance Physical & Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Grade 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Density 7.805 Melting Range,℃ 1450 ℃ Elongation % 25 min. Tensile Strength (Mpa) 655 Yield Strngth (Mpa) 450 Hardness (Brinell) 293 max * Technical specifications included herein should be used as a guideline only UNS S31803, 2205 Duplex Pipes, Tubes / Tubing, and Butt Weld Fittings Duplex stainless steel pipes and duplex stainless steel tubes are available mainly in seamless form in both OD and NB sizes. In addition to standard sizes, which are available in stock, our specialty is to manufacture and supply custom size Alloy Duplex cold drawn seamless tubes from our factory. Duplex pipes and tubes can be offered in random lengths of up to 6meters long or cut to a specific length as ordered. UNS S31803, 2205 Duplex Seamless, Welded Pipe/ Tube, and Fittings DimensionsOut diameterWall thicknessLengthPipe NB Sizes1/4 “ ~ 16”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160Upto 6 MetersButt Weld Fittings NB Sizes1/2″ ~ 12”SCH 5 / SCH 10 / SCH 40 / SCH 80 / SCH 160–Seamless (Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 203.2mmAs per requirementUpto 6 MetersWelded (in Stock + Custom Sizes)5.0mm ~ 1219.2mm1.0 ~ 15.0 mmUpto 6 Meters Source – wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (https://www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Event Name: The 11th China (Beijing) International Tube and Pipe Industry Expo Start Date: October 9, 2015, Friday End Date: October 11, 2015, Sunday Venue: China International Exhibition Center (Beijing) City: Beijing, China Organizer: China Equipment Management Association, Beijing Metal Association, Hebei Steel Pipe Industry Association, Beijing HaiWen Exhibition Co., LTD. Tel: 86-10-68659227 / 68659226 Fax: 86-10-88680811 E-mail: haiwen2002@126.com, 2002@hwexpo.com Website: www.sti-expo.com Products: all kinds of stainless steel tube, steel pipe equipment, stainless steel pipe fittings, steel pipe accessories etc.

Event Name: Shanghai 9th International Petroleum Petrochemical Natural Gas Technology Equipment Exhibition (SIOTE) Start Date: 4 Dec 2014, Thursday End Date: 6 Dec 2014, Saturday Venue: Shanghai New International Expo Center City: Shanghai City, China Organizer: CPS (Chinese Petroleum Society), China Chamber of Import and Export Trade of Mechanical and Electrical Products, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade) Tel: +86-21-3641666   65929965 Fax: +86-21-65282319 E-mail: john.ou@263.net Postal code: 200441 Website: www.sippe.org.cn Products: Pipeline storage and transport, pumps, valves, compressors, instrument and apparatus, etc.