The intergranular corrosion tendency test of stainless steel is a common content in design documents, and the relevant content in standards such as HG/T 20581 is relatively clear. The water pressure test or the chloride ion content in the operating medium is also the basic content of the austenitic stainless steel equipment design. In addition to chloride ions, wet hydrogen sulfide, polythionine and other environments that may generate sulfides can also cause stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel.
It is worth mentioning that although austenitic stainless steel is not mentioned in the chapter of HG/T 20581 wet hydrogen sulfide corrosion, the reference points out that although austenitic stainless steel has a much greater ability to dissolve atomic hydrogen than ferritic stainless steel, But hydrogen-induced wet hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking will still occur, especially after cold work hardening appears deformed martensite structure transformation.
Cold work hardening increases stress corrosion cracking sensitivity
Austenitic stainless steel has excellent cold working properties, but its work hardening is very obvious. The greater the degree of cold working deformation, the higher the hardness rise. The increase in hardness caused by work hardening is also an important reason for the stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, especially those where the base material is not welded.
There are some cases:
The first type of case is the cold spinning of austenitic stainless steel oval or dish-shaped head, the cold deformation of the transition zone is the largest, and the hardness also reaches the highest. After commissioning, chloride ion stress corrosion cracking occurred in the transition zone, resulting in equipment leakage.
The second type of case is a U-shaped corrugated expansion joint made by hydroforming after the stainless steel sheet is rolled. The cold deformation is the largest at the wave crest, and the hardness is the highest. The stress corrosion cracking occurs along the wave crest the most, and even cracking along the wave crest occurs. Explosion accident with low stress and brittle fracture.
The third case is the stress corrosion cracking of the corrugated heat exchange tube. The corrugated heat exchange tube is cold-extruded from a stainless steel seamless tube. The wave crests and troughs are subjected to different degrees of cold deformation and thinning. The crests and troughs may cause several stress corrosion cracks.
The essence of cold work hardening of austenitic stainless steel is to produce deformed martensite. The greater the cold work deformation, the more deformed martensite and the higher its hardness. At the same time, the greater the internal stress within the material. In fact, if solution heat treatment is carried out after its processing and forming, the effect of reducing the hardness and greatly reducing the residual stress can be achieved, and the martensite structure can also be eliminated, thereby avoiding stress corrosion cracking.
The embrittlement problem of long-term service under high temperature
At present, the container and pipe materials at 400～500℃ are mainly Cr-Mo steel with higher high temperature strength, and at 500～600℃ or even 700℃, various austenitic stainless steels are mainly used. In the design, people often pay more attention to the high temperature strength of austenitic stainless steel, and require its carbon content not to be too low. The allowable stress at high temperature is basically obtained by the extrapolated high temperature endurance strength test, which can ensure that no creep rupture occurs under the design stress of 100,000 hours of service.
However, the ageing embrittlement problem of austenitic stainless steel at high temperature cannot be ignored. After long-term service at high temperature, austenitic stainless steel will have a series of changes in the structure, which will seriously affect a series of mechanical properties of steel, especially the brittleness Significantly rise, resilience drops significantly.
The embrittlement problem after long-term service at high temperature is generally caused by two factors, one is the formation of carbides, and the other is the formation of σ phase. The carbide phase and σ phase continue to precipitate along the crystal after long-term service of the material, and even form a continuous brittle phase on the grain boundary, which is very easy to form intergranular fracture.
The formation temperature range of σ phase (Cr-Fe intermetallic compound) is about 600-980 ℃, but the specific temperature range is related to the alloy composition. As a result of the precipitation of σ phase, the strength of austenitic steel is greatly increased (the strength may be doubled), and it becomes hard and brittle. High chromium is the main reason for the formation of high-temperature σ phase, and Mo, V, Ti, Nb, etc. are alloy elements that strongly promote the formation of σ phase.
The formation temperature of carbide (Cr23C6) is in the sensitization temperature range of austenitic stainless steel, which is 400～850 ℃. Cr23C6 will dissolve above the upper limit of the sensitization temperature, but the dissolved Cr will promote the further formation of σ phase.
Therefore, when austenitic steel is used as a heat-resistant steel, the understanding and prevention of high-temperature aging embrittlement should be strengthened. Like the metal monitoring of thermal power plants, the metallographic structure and hardness changes can be checked regularly. If necessary, samples can be taken out for metallographic and hardness inspections, and even comprehensive mechanical properties and endurance strength tests can be performed.
Source: China Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer – wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.steeljrv.com)
(wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. wilsonpipeline products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)
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