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A hydrostatic test is a way in which pressure vessels such as pipelines, plumbing, gas cylinders, boilers and fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks. The test involves filling the vessel or pipe system with a liquid, usually water, which may be dyed to aid in visual leak detection, and pressurization of the vessel to the specified test pressure. For hydrostatic testing purposes, there are two: one is the process of hydraulic test to test whether the leaking pipe, that test tube sealing performance; Another is confirmatory hydrostatic test to test the strength of steel adequacy. In general, low and medium pressure boiler pipe hydrostatic test is part of the process of the hydrostatic test, which is the density of material testing and inspect and whether the material is a continuous dense; it is not verify the strength tests. From the intensity of mechanics of materials theory, seamless steel components are thin and long, and its diameter is very small, even for thin-walled capillary tubes can withstand great pressure. That is to say, when low and medium pressure boiler tubes test pressure, even when there are deep cracks, can not happen leaking. Hydrostatic test is that many product specification test methods are available. This test can detect leakage of liquid from the inner wall of the case outward can be observed with the naked eye or with a pressure drop to determine. Hydrostatic test can not be found through-wall defects but very close or very close to the wall thickness in depth but not yet fully penetrated defects. Conducted for each pipe eddy current inspection after the low and medium pressure boiler pipe hydrostatic testing is not necessary to replace the hydrostatic test eddy current testing. Hydrostatic testing of Steel pipe is as follows: test section at the end of block, slow water injection, the tube gas discharge. after the steel tube filled with water, water tightness checks. made slow progress in steel pressure appropriate USES manual pump, booster time should not less than 10 min. stop pressure after test pressure, observe the 10 min, must not exceed 0.02 MPa pressure drop; Then put the testing pressure drop to the working pressure, steel pipe for visual inspection, leak-proof is not qualified. after arrival, steel pipe pressure, leakage and pressure drop more than a specified value, check the steel tube, after the reason to discharge the leakage, as stipulated in the above to test again, until it meets the requirements. the temperature is lower than 5 ℃ under the environment of water pressure and water capacity, reliable antifreezing measures should be taken, after the test, water should be put. Hydrostatic testing of Pipeline Hydrotesting of pipes, pipelines and vessels is performed to expose defective materials that have missed prior detection, ensure that any remaining defects are insignificant enough to allow operation at design pressures, expose possible leaks and serve as a final validation of the integrity of the constructed system. ASME B31.3 requires this testing to ensure tightness and strength. Buried high pressure oil and gas pipelines are tested for strength by pressurizing them to at least 125% of their maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) at any point along their length. Since many long distance transmission pipelines are designed to have a steel hoop stress of 80% of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) at MAOP, this means that the steel is stressed to SMYS and above during the testing, and test sections must be selected to ensure that excessive plastic deformation does not occur. Test pressures need not exceed a value that would produce a stress higher than yield stress at test temperature. ASME B31.3 section 345.4.2 (c) Other codes require a more onerous approach. BS PD 8010-2 requires testing to 150% of the design pressure – which should not be less than the MAOP plus surge and other incidental effects that will occur during normal operation. Leak testing is performed by balancing changes in the measured pressure in the test section against the theoretical pressure changes calculated from changes in the measured temperature of the test section. Australian standard AS2885.5 “Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum: Part 5: Field pressure testing” gives an excellent explanation of the factors involved.

Small diameter high-pressure boiler tube surface defects that affect the quality, mainly due to waste generation. Defect localization and analysis, mainly for the defect depth 0.2 ~ 0.5mm, the length of 20 ~ 50mm superficial cracks, which causes the piercing of minute defects generated in the process, or rolling the first and second plurality of specifications by trauma, four planes in the rolling process by the inner surface of the high-pressure boiler tubes oxide residue effects formed in the slide and scarring defects, these defects after rolling sheets minus aggravated squash and stretch. Through the high-pressure boiler tube double length number tracking found that injury concentrated in the steel tube end report first, twice-foot (from the pipe end within 25m), is closely related to the capillary head borax oxide accumulation, small-diameter steel pipe defect in the front of the capillary the higher the ratio of the rolling zone appears. Through the above analysis we can draw the following conclusions: (1) the presence of perforated capillary end in addition to the adverse effects of oxidation issues that need to be improved. (2) the presence of a work surface and rolling rack rolling defects within the designated road, we need to start to be addressed from the hole, lubrication improvement. (3) Save dryer sheets high total reduction ratio in diameter, in the presence of the shortage of raw tube defects can not be completely eliminated during rolling. To reduce and control deficiencies, should take the following improvement measures; (1) production of 30 ranging from a head injury will change, because the elimination of head generated within the fold. (2) the production of small diameter high-pressure boiler tubes use no injuries mandrel, the mandrel to eliminate defects produced. (3) pre-production of the perforated guide and roll away from the measurement, ensure ovality coefficient control within the scope of process requirements. (4) save photos Save machine wall rate increased to 10 to 15% (previously 5-8%). (5) finishing temperature controlled at above 860 ℃, increase reheating temperature section 5-8 (1020 +/- 10) ℃, save high-pressure water descaling according to the outer surface of the control in the case of 8 ~ 18MPa, improve Zhang reduction machine exit velocity to 5.5m / s or more. (6) selection of phosphate instead of sodium sulfide as the main additive borax oxide skin reaction due to phosphate and form a melt, reducing rolling gather at the inner surface of the roll gap during rolling and rolling objects, reducing internal scarring and Stroke tract of chance. (7) continue to track and analyze the state of the rolling surface anatomy of the card after the tube and the actual measurement data, for rolling the first and second planes pass design improvements make mature ideas, design principles and elements, improved rolling pass 185,151 designed to reduce the total elongation factor, reducing the process Zhang reducing the rate of reduction machine single purpose, to improve the surface roughness of the inner pipe. (8) this study of existing conditions increase the speed of the mandrel stopper way.

Stainless steel angle bar is mainly pided into sides stainless steel angle bars and sides stainless steel angle bars two categories, which not sides stainless steel angles and pided into equal thickness and equal unequal thickness two. Stainless steel angle bar specifications expressed by the side and edge thickness size. At present domestic stainless steel angle bar specifications for 2 – 20, to the length of a few centimeters to unsigned, with stainless steel angle bars often 2 – 7 kinds of different edge thickness. The actual size and edge imported stainless steel angle bar marked on both sides of the thickness and indicate the relevant standards. General length of 12.5 cm above for large stainless steel angle bars and medium-sized stainless steel angle bar between 12.5 cm, 5 cm, length 5cm below for small stainless steel angle bars. The import and export of stainless steel angle bar orders to use commonly required in the specification, the steel is carbon steel steel corresponding. The stainless steel angle bar in addition to standard number, no specific composition and performance series. Stainless steel angle bar delivery length. Length, double length two, domestic stainless steel angle bars set feet range 3 – 9m, 4 – 12M, 4 – 19m, 6 – 19m four range according to different specifications, respectively. The Japanese production of stainless steel angle bar length ranges from 6 to 15m. Scalene stainless steel angle bar section height according to the long side of the equilateral angle bar to calculate the width of stainless steel.

SUS304 stainless steel pipe: with good corrosion resistance, heat resistance, low temperature strength and mechanical properties, stamping bending and other thermal processing is good, no heat treatment hardening phenomenon, no magnetism. Widely used in household items (1, 2 types of tableware), cabinets, indoor pipelines, water heaters, boilers, bathtub, auto parts, medical equipment, building materials, chemical, food industry, agriculture, marine parts SUS316 stainless steel pipe: corrosion resistance and high temperature strength is particularly good, can be used under harsh conditions, good processing hardening, no magnetism. Marine equipment, chemicals, dyes, paper making, oxalic acid, fertilizer production equipment, photography, food industry, coastal facilities SUS316L stainless steel pipe: better corrosion resistance than SUS316, high temperature strength slightly poor, can be used in harsh conditions, good processing hardening, no magnetism. Marine equipment, chemicals, dyes, paper making, oxalic acid, fertilizer production equipment, photography, food industry, coastal facilities SUS321 stainless steel pipe: heat resistant materials, vehicles, vehicle exhaust pipe, boiler cover, pipeline, chemical device, a heat exchanger. With good corrosion resistance, heat resistance, good high temperature strength and high temperature oxidation performance, machining, welding performance is good. SUH409H stainless steel pipe: processing performance, good welding performance, high temperature oxidation resistance is good, can withstand the temperature range from room temperature to 575 degrees Widely used in automobile exhaust system SUS420J2 stainless steel pipe: quenching hardness is widely used in the processing of cutting tools, pipe nozzle, valve, plate, tableware SUS430 stainless steel pipe: low thermal expansion rate, molding and oxidation resistance is good for heat resistant appliances, burners, household electrical appliances, 2 types of tableware, kitchen sink. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Hot-rolled seamless steel pipe production base deformation process can be summarized as three stages: perforation, extension and finishing.  The main purpose of the perforation process is to become a solid round billet piercing hollow shell. Capillary in the specifications, accuracy and surface quality can not meet the requirements of the finished product, further improvements are needed to deform the metal through. The main purpose of the stretching machine is further reduced sectional view (main compression wall) for a larger axial extension, so that the capillary improved dimensional accuracy, surface quality and organizational performance.  After stretching machine rolled steel pipe shortage collectively need further molding mill in order to achieve the requirements of the finished pipe. Rolled steel due to pass in the method widely used in the production of seamless steel tubes. So far, due to the method pass rolling steel can be pided into two categories: core pension without rolling rolling (hollow body rolling), and with the mandrel. Sizing machines, reducing mill and stretch reducing mill belonging to the hole without mandrel type continuous rolling mills are generally coffin. Its main purpose is to reduce the diameter of the deformation process or sizing get finished steel, the wall thickness of process control, can make thinning, thickening or nearly unchanged.  All the traditional hole-type rolling machine with mandrel belong to extend machine. The main purpose is to reduce the deformation process perforated capillary wall thickness and outer diameter roll passes in the deformation zone and the mandrel posed, for a larger axial extension. At the same time a certain improvement in the organization, performance, accuracy, surface quality.

A, the classification of stainless steel pipe 1, according to the production method of classification: (1) seamless tube, cold drawn tube, extrusion tube, cold rolling tube. (2) welded pipe: (a) according to the process classification, gas shielded welding pipe, arc welding, resistance welding pipe (high frequency and low frequency). (b) the weld points – straight seam welded pipe, spiral welded pipe. 2, according to the cross section shape classification: (1) the circular steel tube; (2) rectangular tube. 3, according to the classification of wall thickness, thin-walled steel pipe, thick-walled steel pipe 4, classification: (1) according to the use of civil pipe runs round tubes, rectangular tubes, pipe, generally used to decorate, building, structure, etc; (2) industry pipe: steel tube for piping, general steel pipe (drinking water), the mechanical structure for piping/fluid conveying pipe, boiler heat exchange tube, food hygiene, etc. Commonly used in industrial fields such as petroleum chemical industry, papermaking, nuclear energy, food, beverage, pharmaceutical and other industries of fluid pipeline is required to be higher. Second, the seamless steel tube Stainless steel seamless steel tube is a hollow section, no seams of strip steel. 1. Seamless steel tube manufacturing technology and process: Smelting ingot > > > of steel rolling cutting > > > peel > perforation annealing pickling cold drawn on ash > > > crop > > acid into the Treasury 2. The characteristics of the seamless steel pipe: We it is not hard to see from the above process: first, the wall thickness of the product is thick, it is more economical and practical, the thinner wall thickness, its processing cost will rise significantly; Secondly, the process of the product decided to its limitations, generally low precision seamless steel pipe: low surface brightness, uneven thickness, tube length cost is high, and the appearance is not easy to remove and pitting, black spots inside; Thirdly, its detection and plastic must offline processing. As a result, it in high pressure and high strength material, mechanical structure embodies its superiority. Third, welded steel pipe Welded steel pipe or welded pipe, it is to use steel plate or steel strip after crimp units and dies made of welded steel pipe. 1. Steel > > > article points of molding dissolves > induction heat treatment > light inside and outside weld treatment > > eddy current testing of plastic > diameter > laser caliper > > acid into the Treasury 2. The characteristics of the welded steel pipe: We it is not hard to see from the above process: first, the product is continuous online production, wall thickness is thicker, the unit and dissolves equipment investment, the less it has economical and practical. The thinner wall thickness, the input-output ratio will be reduced; Then determine its advantages and disadvantages of the product process, general high precision welded steel pipe, wall thickness uniformity, high brightness tube appearance (level determines the surface of the steel plate of steel tube surface brightness), can be arbitrary length. As a result, its application in high precision, low pressure fluid embodies its economy and aesthetics. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Forging is one of the oldest metal shaping processes known to man. The process of forging metal involves beating or hammering a workpiece over or into a die, template, or jig, forcing the metal to flow into the desired shape. Forging is generally pided into three process types based on the temperatures to which the metal is heated prior to forging. These are hot, warm, and cold forging, with hot and warm processes employing workpiece temperatures ranging from several hundred degrees to over 2,000° Fahrenheit. Cold forging, on the other hand, sees the working steel heated to no more than three-tenths of its recrystallization temperature. Cold forging is one variation of the forging metal-shaping process that involves forming or shaping metal parts through a process of applying powerful, localized compressive forces. Cold forging is carried out with the metal generally kept at or slightly above room temperature with the temperature always maintained at or below three-tenths of the recrystallization temperature of the metal being shaped. The compressive forces involved in cold forging may be applied by hand with a hammer or by powered sources, such as dropforge machines. In most cases, the metal is forced into a die in the shape of the finished product or around open templates or jigs. Cold forging offers several distinct benefits over hot forging processes, which include better surface finish, improved dimensional stability, and lower production costs. Cold forging is defined as working a metal below its recrystallization temperature, but usually around room temperature. If the temperature is above 0.3 times the melting temperature (on an absolute scale) then it qualifies as warm forging. Hot forging is defined as working a metal above its recrystallization temperature. The main advantage of hot forging is that as the metal is deformed the strain-hardening effects are negated by the recrystallization process.

Why not easy to corrode stainless steel pipe? All metal and atmospheric oxygen in the reaction, formed in the surface oxide film. Unfortunately, in the ordinary carbon steel pipe on the formation of the oxidation iron oxide continue, kept expanding rust, eventually forming holes. Can use paint or resistant to oxidation of the metal (for example, zinc, chromium and nickel) on plating to ensure that the carbon steel pipe surface, however, as we know, the protection is only a thin film. If the cover was damaged, the following steel began to rust. Corrosion resistance of stainless steel pipe depends on chrome, but because of the chromium is one part of the steel, so the protection method is not the same. In the chromium content reaches 10.5%, atmospheric corrosion resistance of steel increased significantly, but the chromium content is higher, although still can raise corrosion resistance, but not obvious. Reason is that with chromium alloying of steel pipe processing, change the type of surface oxide became similar to that of pure chromium oxide is formed on the metal surface. This tight adhesion of the surface of the rich chromium oxide protection, to prevent further oxidation. This kind of extremely thin oxide layer, you can see on the surface of the steel pipe through natural luster, make the surface of the stainless steel pipe has a unique. And, if damaged surface, the exposed surface of the steel pipe and atmospheric response to repair itself, to form the oxide “passivation membrane, ” continued protection. Therefore, all stainless steel pipe elements have a common characteristic, namely the chromium content in more than 10.5%. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

316 stainless steel angle bar as matrix is beyond 60%, for complex high alloy steel, nickel, molybdenum and other alloying elements, its biggest characteristic is corrosion resistant ability strong, but not rust stainless steel is not absolute. In coastal areas, or some severe air pollution in local truly, when the chloride ion content in the air is larger, disclosed in stainless steel appearance atmosphere could have some rusty spot, but only the rust stain appearance, not erosion inside stainless steel substrate. On the ocean, 304 stainless steel angle bar, there is no 316 stainless steel angle bar corrosion resistant performance is good. Stainless steel angle bar under the condition of must also will rust. Stainless steel has arrived when atmospheric oxidation ability – that is, stainless, and have in acid, alkali, salt corrosion medium is not easy to – corrosion resistance. But its corrosion resistant ability of intrusive is with its own chemical composition of steel, and each form, use conditions and types of medium and modifying. Stainless steel is to rely on the appearance of a layer of thin and solid precision constant rich chromium oxide film (protective film), avoiding continuous oxygen atoms of continuous infiltration and oxidation, and corrosion resistance ability. Once you have a reason, make the make the appearance of membrane destroyed will constitute a rusty spot. Stainless steel angle bar rust form has the following several reasons: A.. Deposited on stainless steel angle bar surface or heterogeneous metal particles of dust of other metal elements attachments, in the humid air, vapour, both between the attachments and stainless steel together as a micro battery, motivated by the electrochemical reaction, maintain membrane have been damaged, called the electrochemical corrosion. B. stainless steel angle bar adhesion appearance with organic matter (such as melon seeds, noodle soup, sputum, etc.), oxygen in water conditions, composed of organic acid, long time is organic acid corrosive to metal surface. C. stainless steel angle bar adhesion appearance with acid, alkali, salt substances (e.g., decorate the walls of caustic soda and lime water splash), a department of corrosion. D. where there is pollution in the air (e.g., contains a lot of sulfur, carbon oxide, atmospheric nitrous oxide), stainless steel angle bar in water vapor, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, liquid, provoked chemical corrosion. 5. Appearance is stainless steel angle bar weapon damage, and then destroy the appearance of a protective film. “Accordingly, stainless steel angle bar is not rust is not absolute, but a relative and conditional. Such as; 304 stainless steel angle bar, 316 stainless steel angle bar. Until the current is not under any circumstances not rust stainless steel Angle, but, still can only correct use and protection of persistent stick to the light and do not rust. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Seamless steel pipe market competition at present, due to the limitation of its production process, the production cost of seamless steel tube has been high, resulting in the gradual decline in its economic benefit. As China’s metallurgical industry technology progress, instead of the seamless steel tube ­ new products also emergence, so new product whether meet the indicators of seamless steel tube? Between them and what is the nature of the difference? Here are two kinds of confusing products on the market, hot tension reducing the difference between steel pipe and straight seam ­ welded pipe briefly. 1, the weld quality directly decides the quality of welded pipe, and the greatest difference between welded pipe and seamless pipe. Straight seam welded pipe after high frequency welding, straight seam cimc carbon can’t eliminate, weld and parent just join together, has not completely melt into an organic whole of ­ yield to the test of time and high pressure. Hot tension reducing mill steel after high frequency welding pass overall 800 degrees high temperature heating, the overall annealing, then open change processing, after this series of process, weld and parent organizations have the same performance, completely melt into an organic whole, very well done from the slit to the seamless transition. 2, process of the product quality differences caused by different hot tension reducing mill steel after high frequency welding also conducted a straight seam welded pipe is no process: online to remove burrs inside and outside. ­ of the existence of burr will affect tube fluid flow, burr blocking the normal flow of the fluid, resulting in a spiral. According to the principle of fluid mechanics, local pressure will increase, weld stress non-uniform welded pipe also greatly reduce the coefficient of insurance, hot tension reducing mill steel pipe production technology ­ fully considers the burr is dangerous, for deburring, making it even wall thickness, and the seamless tube no difference in appearance. So from this point of view, hot tension reducing mill steel pipe also completed from the slit to the seamless transition. Of course, the difference between the two is not just limited to the above three points, but enough to explain the straight seam welded pipe and hot tension reducing pipe, there are great differences. The latter on the basis of straight seam welded pipe and the online clearing burr, inside and outside the overall heating ­, deformation and a series of new processing technology, making it have a qualitative leap, can be widely used in the field of in high pressure, and straight seam welded pipe of water gas delivery can only be limited to the low pressure environment. Although there are some people for seamless steel tube, hot tension reducing ­ steel pipe, straight seam welded pipe and understanding in the fuzzy state, but believe that with the passage of time, the practice proved that people will recognize the hot tension reducing mill steel pipe products, this unique in the seamless pipe market is more and more ­ bigger role, create greater economic benefits for the society! Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Cold rolled and cold drawn belongs to cold working process, but the molding process and the principle, process equipment, molding capability, for purposes are all different. Cold rolling is the temperature at a temperature below the recrystallization method of cold rolled slab thickness needs; cold drawn is the use of force to pull the metal timber from the hole in the processing method. Should be said that both the dimensional accuracy and surface finish almost, because in standard, cold drawn tubes and cold rolled tubes are generally uniform provisions, of course, the price is almost the same. However, the difference is that for the small size of the pipe, cold drawing method must be used to produce it. Cold drawn tubes for small sizes more suitable diameter of 150mm or more difficult to use than cold drawn up, there are no such large-diameter cold drawn tubes, the United States and South Korea are more common, drawing process better, seamless , so the price may be a little higher than the cold rolling.

Galvanized steel is steel that has been coated with zinc to prevent corrosion. The steel is submerged in hot, melted zinc, which triggers a chemical reaction that permanently bonds the zinc and steel together. During the galvanization process, the steel is first exposed to zinc at a temperature of approximately 860 degrees. The zinc reacts to available oxygen in the environment to form zinc oxide, which then forms zinc carbonate after reacting to carbon dioxide. Iron molecules in the steel react with the zinc, creating layers of metal that are able to withstand even long term contact with saltwater. Benefits of galvanized steel Because galvanized steel is coated with zinc, it offers many benefits over traditional steel or iron piping. The zinc coating drastically reduces corrosion and prevents minerals from depositing inside the pipe lines. In larger construction projects, such as sewer systems and farm irrigation, galvanized steel pipes are often the piping of choice and often remain in working order with little maintenance for 40 years or more. Galvanized steel is more flame resistant than PVC piping, and is stronger than aluminum piping. This type of metal also works well under freezing conditions. Disadvantages of galvanized steel In spite of its many benefits, there are some advantages of galvanized steel pipe. When mixed with yellow brass, galvanized steel triggers dezincification, and it results in electrolytic action when combined with nonferrous metals, such as copper and brass. Galvanized steel should never be used underground unless properly covered, which can be inconvenient for many jobs, and it often hides significant defects beneath the zinc coating on the steel. Galvanized steel pipes may contain lead, which corrodes quickly and reduces the lifespan of the piping. Moreover, galvanized steel may leave rough patches inside pipes, resulting in serious failures and stoppages that can be expensive to repair. Because of these issues, most modern homes use copper piping as an alternative. There are several such common defects and disadvantages of galvanized steel pipe: 1. gray zinc coating is the result of a mixture of iron and zinc alloy which caused; 2. galvanized steel surface to form a thick edge, which means that the edges of the zinc layer thicker than the middle part, it becomes a thick edge defects and not conducive to strip coiling. Thick edge is pided into high-speed and low-speed thick edge thick edge to form a thick edge is because the gas knife galvanized angle adjustment caused by poor air blowing, the formation of turbulence generated by appropriately adjusting the intensity air knife can be excluded this defect. 3. If clogging air knife gap will form an air knife marks, require a special cleaning tool to clean up. 4. galvanized steel zinc tablets appearing on the surface, that is, those that are not polished rough small particles, such small particles not only affect the appearance but also affect use. Formation of such particles is because too much zinc production by machines churning bottom ash floated adhere galvanized sheet surface temperature is too high there is so because the production of bottom ash float, in addition, zinc solution high aluminum, aluminum and zinc that have a good affinity, and thus together, adhere to the surface of galvanized sheet.