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What is a bolt? A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are thus closely related to, and often confused with, screws. Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank as this makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws, but this is incidental to its use, rather than defining. Bolts use a wide variety of head designs. These are designed to engage with the tool used to tighten them. Some bolt heads instead lock the bolt in place, so that it does not move and a tool is only needed for the nut end. The first bolts had square heads, formed by forging. These are still found, although much more common today is the hexagonal head. These are held and turned by a spanner or wrench, of which there are many forms. Most are held from the side, some from in-line with the bolt.

Using steel as raw material to produce the reducer, the part of the specifications of the reducer can also be used steel plate stamping forming technology is adopted to improve the production. Drawing die shapes used by reference to reducing tube surface size design, use after blanking punching die, stamping steel stretch forming. The characteristics of stress distribution (1) Under the action of the internal pressure, concentric reducer‘s size of terminal area pressure difference bending moments produced will cause to relatively open end, the small end of the relative shrinkage phenomenon.; (2) the internal pressure under the action of eccentric reducer in central eccentric side inside the big end surface and eccentric side to the outer ring stress is the largest. The use of eccentric reducer When water absorption, water absorption section of the reduced pressure, gas will isolate was dissolved in the water, if the use is concentric reducer, these gases not discharge in time, will accumulate jams in the bumps, forming gas resistance. Pump will appear noise and carrying capacity drops greatly. If using eccentric reducer, isolate the gas discharge in time, will not form a vapor lock. When reducing pipe diameter itself is not big, before and after the diameter difference is not big, with concentric reducer, possible gas resistance phenomenon is not so obvious, self-priming in the process of suction pressure change is not so big, so there was no harm.

What is ASME? The most populer and comprehensive set of codes and standards used around the globe in mechanical design and construction are the ASME codes & standards.ASME is a not-for-profit professional organization. ASME Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME is a not-for-profit professional organization that enables collaboration, knowledge sharing and skill development across all engineering disciplines, while promoting the vital role of the engineer in society. The organization’s stated vision is to be the premier organization for promoting the art, science and practice of mechanical and multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences to the perse communities throughout the world. Its stated mission is to promote and enhance the technical competency and professional well-being of its members, and through quality programs and activities in mechanical engineering, better enable its practitioners to contribute to the well-being of humankind. As of 2006, the ASME has 120,000 members. Core values include: Embrace integrity and ethical conduct Embrace persity and respect the dignity and culture of all people Nurture and treasure the environment and our natural and man-made resources Facilitate the development, dissemination and application of engineering knowledge Promote the benefits of continuing education and of engineering education Respect and document engineering history while continually embracing change Promote the technical and societal contribution of engineers

Concentric reducer and eccentric reducer is what are the differences and similarities? Online explained: “the pipe gas phase medium will produce liquid; the liquid medium can produce gas, concentric reducer and eccentric reducer differences is that both reach the purpose of the variable diameter; and achieve the goal of the discharged liquid or gas. So according to your technical requirements come in the direction of the liquid or gas to choose concentric reducer and eccentric reducer.” First of all, the combination of both is: variable diameter, is the need to from a specification to another specification. However, because of different environment and medium with concentric and eccentric again, like a tee. Concentric reducer can not say, eccentric reducer says below: 1, the accumulation of gas pipeline, because of gas in the pipe can accumulate upward, so must use top flat eccentric prevent gas cannot be ruled out; 2, some impurities or effusion sinks to the pipe, so must use eccentric bottom flat, prevent accumulation cannot be ruled out Since is a variable diameter, so, of course, is to use in the place where need specification change, otherwise you can’t even; If any change, may cause the material waste and insufficient flow and so on However, concentric reducer used no restrictions; Eccentric reducer generally will be set at pump equipment, specific see the situation. One is not to say, is the pipe diameter change. Eccentric is pided into top and bottom flat. Top flat generally used in liquid pipelines, prevent pipeline with pneumatosis. Bottom flat generally used in gas pipeline, prevent pipeline with effusion, and is to prevent impurities accumulated in size. There is pump imported with top flat is to prevent cavitation. Reducer using a variety of fields A, mine, the application of the coal industry (1) mine: mining, ore concentrate and tailings filling transported to tube wear serious, using Ore powder conveying pipelines such as panzhihua, daye mine service life is less than a year, to increase the tube can make the life. (2) coal: coal preparation and long distance pipeline of wet method widely used coal conveying, requires the duct is wear resistant and corrosion resistant, using the tube can be used as a long duct, considerable economic benefit. The application of the two, metallurgy, electric power industry Conveying of pulverized coal, metallurgy, electric power industry ash, mud and lime gypsum slurry every year to spend a lot of metal pipe. By using ceramic pipe to replace other pipe has high wear resistance, long service life, easy installation, the economic benefit is remarkable characteristic.

Piping Codes and Standards: The Codes and Standards used in designing piping systems. For Piping Systems proper selection of of Material of Construction along with Specifications, Adherence to Codes and Standards is essential. Standardization reduces cost, confusion and inconvenience. Standards are published by Professional Societies, Committees and Trade Organizations. It is also accepted by Governments.  The main objective is to have Standardization and Safety. CODE: A group of general rules or systematic procedures for Design, Fabrication, Installation and Inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into a law. STANDARDS: Documents prepared by a Professional group or Committee which are believed to be good and proper Engineering Practices and which contain mandatory requirement. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES : Documents prepared by professional group or committee indicating Good Engineering Practices but which are optional. Codes and Standards, besides being regulations, might also be considered as Design Aids since they provide guidance from experts. Recommended Practices: Recommended Practices are also prepared by professional group or committee. They are set of documents which are believed to be proper and good engineering practice but which are optional. Apart being considered as regulations, Codes and Standards shall be considered as a ‘design aids’ since they provide guidance from experts. For design and selection of equipment and piping systems, each country has its own code and standard but they can follow code and standards developed by other countries. The most commonly used is American National standards. Other than American there are British, German, Japanese standards etc available. The major organizations for standards are:Sr.No Country Abbreviation Organization 1AmericanANSIAmerican National Standards Institute 2CanadaSCCStandard Council of Canada 3FranceAFNORAssociation Francaise 4BritishBSIBritish Standards Institute 5EuropeCENCommittee of European Normalization 8GermanyDINDeutsches Institute Fur Normung 7JapanJISJapanese Industrial Standards Committee 8IndiaBISBureau of Indian Standards 9WorldwideISOInternational Organization for Standards Following the codes and standards reduces significant cost while designing the piping systems. So it’s more like “Do right things in first place”.

Pipe fittings are widely demanded for virtually any piping and plumbing systems utilized in industrial and commercial applications. Pipe fittings allow pipes being joined or installed in the appropriate place and terminated or closed where necessary. Pipe fittings are available in various size and shapes. They can be expensive, require time, and other materials and tools to setup. They may be an essential part of piping and plumbing systems. There are lots of specialized fittings manufactured. Each type of pipe or tube requires its own type of fitting, but usually all pipe fittings share some common features. Pipe fittings can be purchased everywhere where plumbing materials can be bought. Different Dimensional Standards available for pipe fittings: ASME B 16.1-Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B 16.3-Malleable-Iron Threaded fittings ASME B 16.4-Grey Iron Threaded fittings ASME B 16.5-Pipe Flanges and Flanged fittings ASME B 16.9-Factory-Made Wrought steel Butt welding ASME B 16.11-Forged Fitting, Socket welding and Threaded ASME B 16.28-Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns ASME B 16.42-Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ASME B 16.49-Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution System BS 1640-Buttweld Fittings BS 3799-Socket weld and Screwed end fittings Pipe fittings classification based on the end connections: 1. Socket weld/ Screwed end fittings: Dimensional standard-AME B 16.11/BS 3799 Sizes –upto  4” NPS only. These fittings are designated by pressure class which represents the maximum cold non-shock working pressure and the thickness corresponding to that class. The pressure classes used to designate these fittings are: 2000 # Class: Applicable for Screwed fittings only, Thickness-SCH 80 or XS 3000 # Class: Socket weld fittings, Thickness-SCH 80 or XS & Screwed fittings, Thickness-SCH 160 6000 # Class: Socket weld fittings, Thickness-SCH 160 & Screwed fittings, Thickness-SCH XXS 9000 # Class: Applicable for Socket weld fittings only, Thickness-SCH X XS The screwed ends for fitting are generally with Taper threads. These threads can be Nominal Pipe threads (NPT) or British Screwed Pipe Threads (BSPT). The socket weld/screwed fittings are generally forged. The different grades of material used for these fittings are: ASTM A105-Forged Carbon Steel ASTM A181-Forged Carbon Steel for General purposes ASTM A182-Forged Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel ASTM A234-Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel pipe fittings for moderate and elevated temperatures ASTM A350-Forged Alloy Steel for Low temperature Services How are pipe fittings connected to pipes? Pipe fittings are either male fittings or female fittings. In threaded pipe fittings, female threads are on the inside while male threads are on the outside. Pipe fittings that have one female end and one male end are called street fittings. Pipe fittings are used to connect pipes or tubes in two ways: By threading: Threaded pipes screw together to connect or join. Generally metal pipes are threaded and they have threaded fittings. By slip fit: Slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another. The plastic pipes are either threaded or slip fit. Accordingly pipe fittings are organized as follows: Male threaded: Exterior threads. Are screwed into the inside of pipe end of a larger diameter with internal threading. Female threaded: Interior threads. Receive male threaded pipe fittings. Male slip fit: There are no threads. Receive a narrower. Female slip fit: Female slip fit: There are no threads. Made to slip into slightly larger male sleeve. Purpose of a pipe fitting: The basic purposes of any pipe fitting are as follows: Connecting the bores of two or more pipes or tubes. Connecting pipe sections. Connecting a pipe to a different apparatus. Changing the direction of fluid/liquid flow. Maintaining or regulating the flow. Closing and sealing a pipe. Selection criteria for pipe fittings: Pipe fittings are to be chosen considering certain factors. They are as follows: Connection types: When purchasing pipe fittings, you should be aware of the fact that a fitting can have two different connector types. One end of the fitting might be female threaded while the other female threaded. One end might be male slip while the other end is threaded, in the case of plastic fittings. They can also have matching ends which can accommodate any requirement. Materials of construction: As a rule, the pipe fitting should be of the same material as the material used in the making of the pipe in which it is to be fitted. However, in some cases, materials conforming to certain codes or standards can also be used in pipes of another material. Check for flow: To keep the flow consistent, the ends of pipe fittings should be slightly larger than the rest of the pipe so that they can accommodate connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe. Type of fitting: Besides pipe materials, pipe fittings are identified by the type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female. Size: When measuring the size of pipe fittings, it is to be noted that the male threaded fittings are measured to the outside edge or OD, while female fittings are measured to the inside edge of the inlet or ID. Thickness: Just as pipes are available in a number of different thicknesses or “schedules”, so also the pipe fittings. Design: Each pipe or tube is designed to carry certain specific types of fluids, liquids, gases, chemicals under varying conditions. Accordingly, the pipe fittings are also available in variety of designs. Standards and codes: There are certain standards and codes set by various organizations by which the different pipe fittings are graded. For example, ASTM, ASME, BSP etc. are certain standards assigned to pipe fittings and those standards dictate their use. Types of pipe fittings: Depending on the purposes served, pipe fittings can be categorized as under: Pipe fittings to extend or terminate pipe runs: For example, Couplings, Adapters, Unions , Caps and Plugs Pipe. Fittings to change a pipe’s direction: For example , Elbows Pipe fittings to connect two or more pipes: For example: Tees, Cross, Side-inlet Elbows, Wyes Pipe fittings to change pipe size: For example, Reducers, Bushings, Couplings Pipe fittings to manage or regulate flow: For example, Valves Pipe fitting tools: For example, Pipe fasteners Pipe flanges

High pressure reducer‘s reducing forming technology is will be equal and reducer big end diameter of tube billet in shaping die, pass along the axial direction of tube billet, shrink along the cavity movement and metal forming. According to the size of the reducer reducer, pided into the one of pressing or more press forming. High pressure reducer is characterized by carbon intensity is significantly higher than the same amount of stainless steel, has good toughness and plasticity, good weldability and corrosion resistance, etc. High pressure reducer with a side is flat, favors the exhaust or drainage, convenient driving and maintenance, so the horizontal liquid pipeline with high pressure reducer in general. Reducing pipe roundness should not be greater than 1% of the corresponding end diameter, and the allowable deviation of plus or minus 3 mm; Reducer for diameter specification does not accord with the inner diameter of the process piping, should undertake the corresponding processing, reducing or hole enlargement if shrink tube, pipe should consider the pressure loss caused by this will affect the process. In order to prevent the installation of reducer influence the distribution of velocity field, pressure loss, and reduce the measurement accuracy of electromagnetic flowmeter, the requirements of the central Angle alpha is not more than 15 °, as small as possible. There are pided into two concentric and high pressure, concentric reducer general use on the vertical pipe; High pressure reducer used in horizontal tube, and attention should be paid to indicate the top or the bottom flat.

Elbows are used to be installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction,usually these elbows distinguished by connection ends. The ends of pipe elbows may be machined for butt welding , threaded , or socketed , so the elbows are consist of butt weld,thread elbow, socket elbow and other series. Elbow Angle: An elbow angle is defined as an angle by which the flow direction deviates from its original direction. An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle, though 22.5° elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow. Elbow Radius: Long Radius (LR) Elbows – radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter Short Radius (SR) Elbows – radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter 90 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 90° 45 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 45° Note: L/R – Long radius, S/R – Short radius End Connections: The following types of end connections are available for connecting elbow/bend to pipe. • Socket welded • Butt welded • Screwed • Flanged Key Specifications/Special Features and Materials:: the material is selected accoding to the application use such as high temperature use,sanitary fitting,regular industrial use etc. Carbon steel: ASTM A234 WPB, WPC, ASTM A420 WPL1, WPL3, WPL6, WPHY-42/46/52/56/60/65/70 Stainless steel: ASTM A403 WP304/304L, WP316/316/L, WP321, WP347 and WPS31254 Alloy steel: ASTM A234 WP1/WP12/WP11/WP22/WP5/WP7/WP9/WP91 Abrasion resistant material:Ceramic lined, Ceramic tile lined , Bi-metal clad pipe, Manufacturing standards: ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN. Application of pipe elbows: Petroleum, chemical, power, gas, metallurgy, shipbuilding, construction, etc.

In reducing reducer fittings or expanding deformation process, according to different materials and variable diameter pipe fittings used in cold or hot. Normally, as far as possible by cold pressing, but the multiple variable diameter caused by the severe strain hardening, the thick or wall thickness of alloy steel material appropriate USES hot-pressing. Expanding forming is to use less than the size of the big end diameter tube billet, use Die forming along the tube billet diameter hole enlargement. Variable diameter hole enlargement process mainly solved the size of the big head not easy through reducing forming, sometimes according to the requirements of the materials and products forming, expanding and reducing method of combination. Because the size of the head with heating after pressing tee, material forming required equipment tonnage. Hot tee with wider adaptability of material, used for low carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel materials; Especially the tee large diameter and wall thickness, usually use this forming process. In addition to the use of steel as raw material to produce size head, the size of the specifications of department head can also be used steel plate stamping forming technology is adopted to improve the yield. Used by stretching die design with reference to the size of the head of the inner surface appearance, size, use after blanking punching die, stamping steel stretch forming. Tee hot-pressing forming is more than three links of the diameter of the tube billet, flattening diameter size, about to tee at the site of the tensile branch open a hole; Tube billet heating, in the forming die, and within the tube billet load stretching pipe punching die; Under the action of pressure pipe by radial compression, in the radial direction of compression in the process of the metal to the size of the head piece activity and formation of branch pipe under stretch of progressive die. The whole process of the pipe is made by the radial compression and branch pipe drawing process and forming parts. Reducer of the production standard Reducer of the stamping method: (1) because when stamping die to ensure the stamping precision of size and shape, and generally does not destroy the surface of the stamping parts quality, and the life of the mould are long, so the quality of stamping not disorderly, good compatibility, has the characteristics of “the same”. (2) stamping, generally no chip broken material naturally, less material consumption, and do not need other heating equipment, it is a kind of material, machining method of energy saving, stamping parts of the capital is low.

Eccentric reducer is also called the eccentric reducer, both ends of pipe diameter, used to connect different diameter tubes or variable diameter flange. Eccentric reducer is also called the eccentric reducer, both ends of pipe diameter, used to connect different diameter tubes or variable diameter flange. Concentric reducer at both ends of the tube, circle, on the same axis diameter changes, in terms of axis of pipe position, the position of the pipe is changeless, commonly used in gas or liquid vertical pipe diameter changes. Eccentric reducer ends cut inside nozzle circumference, commonly used in horizontal liquid pipeline. Eccentric reducer adopts reducing row of water heater technology, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons change, even in cloudy weather, rain, snow, also because of its high efficiency and has the characteristics of a good hot bath temperature reached first. At the same time, the more significant effect of energy conservation and emissions reduction, by reducing close technical water heater thermal efficiency can reach 73%, power saving, coal saving, and reduce carbon emissions. Reducing pipe roundness should not be greater than 1% of the corresponding end diameter, and the allowable deviation of plus or minus 3 mm. Eccentric reducer nozzle tangent point upward, known as the roof installation, commonly used in pump suction, exhaust, cutting down as bottom flat installation, generally used for valve installation, use the net. Concentric reducer is advantageous to the fluid flow, at the time of variable diameter less interference on the fluid flow pattern, therefore vertical flow of gas and liquid pipelines using concentric reducer. Eccentric reducer with a side is flat, favors the exhaust or drainage, convenient driving and maintenance, so the horizontal liquid pipeline with eccentric reducer in general.

Electric resistance welding (ERW) refers to a group of welding process such as spot and seam welding that produce coalescence of faying surfaces where heat to form the weld is generated by the electrical resistance of material combined with the time and the force used to hold the materials together during welding. What are ERW pipes? ERW pipes means Electric Resistance Welded Pipes. ERW steel pipes and tubes are used. ERW steel pipes and tubes are used in various engineering purposes, fencing, scaffolding, line pipes etc. ERW steel pipes and tube are available in various qualities, wall thicknesses, and diameters of the finished pipes. ERW pipes are available in lengths from single random to 120 feet depending on mill capability. ERW pipe is available with square ends or beveled for welding, threaded and coupled and victaulic grooved. Surface finish are available in black or bare, or with protective coatings.  For ERW pipes or tubes size 4 inch (10.2mm) OD and below, strip is fed into a set of forming rolls which consists of horizontal and vertical rollers so placed as to gradually from the flat strip in to a tube which is then allowed to pass the welding electrodes. The electrodes are copper disks connected to the secondary of a revolving transformer assembly.Size:  Outer Diameter: 6mm-610mm (1/16″-24″)Wall Thickness: 0.3mm-22mm Length: 0.5mtr-20mtr ERW line pipe– for the transportation of oil, natural gas and chemical materials Standards: AP-5L PSL1/ PSL2 GB/T9711.1-1997 GB/T9711.2-1999Steel  Grade ：A、B、X42、X46、X52、X56、X60、X65、X70 ERW Casing pipe–petroleum and nature air exploration Standards： API SPEC 5CT, SY/T5989 Materials ：H40 J55 K55 Structure and Mechanical Roundpipe and Tubing  Standards: JIS3466、JIS3445; ASTM A513; GB/T 6728-2002 Steel Materials: Carbon steel, Stainless, and low ally steel  Structure and Mechanical Square or Rectangular Pipe Standards: GB/T3091 JIS G3452 Steel grade: Q215A、Q215B、Q235AB 、Q295AB、Q345AB

ERW pipe means Electric Resistance Welded Pipes. A plate rolled to become a pipe and welded using Electric Resistance Welding process. Usully for for high diameter. (cheapest process avaiable) Typical ERW pipe (Electrical Resistance welded Pipe) Manufacturing Process Our manufacturing process generally involves the following stages in a step by step procedure. Slitting HR Coils are slitted to pre-determined widths for each and every size of pipes Uncoiling, End Shearing And Welding The slitted coil is uncoiled at the entry of ERW mill and the ends are sheared and welded one after another. This results in a single endless strip. Forming The slitted coils are initially formed into U shape and after that into a cylindrical shape with open edges utilizing a series of forming rolls. Welding In this stage, the open edges are heated to the forging temperature through high-frequency, low-voltage, high current and press welded by forge rolls making perfect and strong but weld without filler materials. De beading In this stage, the weld flash on top and inside (if required) is trimmed out using the carbide tools. Seam Annealing If required, the welding portion and heat affected zone is put to normalizing and then are cooled down in a air cooling bed. Sizing After water quenching, slight reduction is applied to pipes with sizing rolls. This results in producing desired accurate outside diameter. Cutting In cutting stage, the pipes are cut to required lengths by flying cut off disc/saw cutter. End Facing And Bevelling This is usually stage, where the pipes ends are faced and bevelled by the end facer. All these processes are continuous with automatic arrangements. These plain ended tubes further go for processing as per the customer requirements such as galvanizing, threading, black varnishing and more. Galvanizing Galvanizing Line Continuous Hot-Dip galvanizing mill roll out galvanized coils of International quality. These lines are supported with on line tension leveling, trimming lines and skin pass mills, to take care of special requirements of customers in terms of coating mass, width, thickness etc.. Sheet Corrugation Corrugation machine (Sheet-to-Sheet type) capable of profiling Galvanized sheets upto 3 meters length with maximum dimensional accuracy. All these facilities are also supported by a service center, which tailor makes the coils to customer- requirements by slitting & cutting and by delivering sheets/ coils to customer specifications. Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) ->Solid phase butt weld, was produced using resistance heating & high pressure to make the longitudinal weld (ERW), ->Nowadays Most pipe mills now use high frequency induction heating (HFI) for better control and consistency. However, the product is still often referred to as ERW pipe, even though the weld may have been produced by the HFI process. ->The defects that can occur in ERW/HFI pipe are those associated with strip production, such as laminations and defects at the narrow weld line. ->Lack of fusion due to insufficient heat and pressure is the principal defect, although hook cracks can also form due to realignment of non metallic inclusions at the weld interface. Because the weld line is not visible after trimming, and the nature of the solid phase welding process, considerable lengths of weld with poor fusion can be produced if the welding parameters fall outside the set limits. ->In addition, early ERW pipe was subject to pressure reversals, a problem that results in failure in service at a lower stress than that seen in the pre-service pressure test. This problem is caused by crack growth during the pressure test hold period, which in the case of early ERW pipe was due to a combination of low weld line toughness and lack of fusion defects.