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Age Hardening Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil. Alloying Element The adding of any metallic element in stainless steel production in order to increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, nickel, and chromium are common alloying elements in stainless steel. Alloy Surcharge  The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices. Annealing (Solution Annealing) A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades). It relieves stresses that have built up during cold working and insures maximum corrosion resistance. Annealing can produce scale on the surface that must be removed by pickling. Austenitic Stainless Steel Non-magnetic stainless steels that contain nickel and chromium sufficient to develop and retain the austenitic phase at room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used category of stainless steel. Centerless Grinding An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe. Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides. Chromium (Cr) An alloying element that is used in stainless steel to deter corrosion. Cold Finished Bars Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength. Cold Forming (Cold Working) Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc., performed at room temperature that increases the hardness and strength of the stainless steel. Continuous Casting Processes of pouring stainless steel into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from the furnace. This process avoids the need for large, expensive mills and also saves time because the slabs solidify in minutes rather than the several hours it takes for an ingot to form. Corrosion The attack upon metals by chemical agents converting them to non-metallic products. Stainless steel has a passive film created by the presence of chromium (and often other alloying elements – nickel, molybdenum) that resists this process. Corrosion Fatigue Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment. Corrosion Resistance A metal’s ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment. Crevice Corrosion Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion. Cut-to-Length Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipping it flat-stacked. Duplex  Stainless steel comprised of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels that contain high amounts of chromium and nickel. This combination is stronger than both of the inpidual stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking. Elongation A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches. Erosion-Corrosion An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material. Fabricator An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project. Fatigue A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile strength of the material. Ferrite The body-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron-based alloys. Ferritic Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%. It is the second most widely used stainless steel. Ferritic stainless steels are generally used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, hot water tanks, and interior architectural trim. Ferroalloy Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making. Ferrochrome A common raw material in stainless steel production. This alloy consists of iron and up to 72% chromium. Finish The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production. Finishing Facilities These facilities process semi-finished stainless steel into ready-made forms that can be used by others. Some facilities are rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product) Category of stainless steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate. Forming A process that brings about a change in the shape of stainless steel by the application of force (i.e. cold forming, hot forming, wire forming). Free-Machining A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining. Galvanic Corrosion Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte. Gauge The thickness of a certain stainless steel. General Corrosion General corrosion is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically, stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion. Heat Treatment Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes. To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of stainless steel so that it is suitable for additional applications. Hot Forming Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change. High temperature reduces their yield strengths, and this results in a marked lowering of the force that is required to bring about plastic movement or flow from one shape to another (hot rolling, hot stretching, etc.). Impact Test Impact testing is used to measure the toughness of a material, corresponding to the energy necessary to cause fracture under shock loading. Low toughness is generally associated with brittle shear fracture and high toughness with ductile plastic tearing. Intergranular Corrosion Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal. Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries. Life Cycle Costing An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance. Long Products Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat. Low-Carbon Stainless Steel Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon. Martensite A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure. Martensitic A small category of magnetic stainless steels typically containing 12% chromium, a moderate level of carbon, and a very low level of nickel. Mechanical Properties (Physical Properties) Properties determined by mechanical testing, such as yield strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, bendability, impact strength, etc. Molybdenum (Mo) An alloying element that enhances corrosion resistance along with chromium in stainless steels. Nickel (Ni) An alloying element used in stainless steels to enhance ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel-Based Superalloys Alloy metal produced for high-performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys. Passivation When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to the presence of chromium), but the time required can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution of nitric acid and water. Passive A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually unattacked — hence, passive to its environment. Pickling A process that removes surface scale and oxidation products by immersion in a chemically active solution, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. Plate Stainless steel measuring more than 10 inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over. Precipitation Hardening (PH) A small category of stainless steels resembling martensitic stainless steels that have great strength and hardness due to heat treatment. Service Center An operation that buys metal, stores it (often processing it in some way), and then sells it in a slightly different form than it was purchased from the producing mills. Shearing Trimming of the edges of sheet strip to make them parallel. This is done at either the stainless steel mill or at the stainless steel processor. Slab A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long. After casting, slabs are sent to a strip mill where they are rolled and coiled into sheet and plate products. Solution Heat Treatment Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the constituents within. Specialty Alloys Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties. These alloys are produced for very specific applications and considered to be on the low end of superalloys. Specialty Steel Category of steel that includes electric, alloy, stainless, and tool steels. Stainless Steel Group of corrosion-resistant steels containing at least 10.5% chromium which may also contain other alloying elements. These steels resist corrosion and maintain their strength at high temperatures. Strength The ability of stainless steel to oppose applied forces when considering resistance to stretching, forming, compressing, etc. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Slowly developing cracks that form in stainless steel due to mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment. Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) A refinement of stainless steel that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined stainless steel is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top. Many undesirable gases escape from the stainless steel and are evacuated by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten stainless steel further. Vanadium (V) A gray metal that is normally used as an alloying agent for iron and stainless steel. It is also used as a strengthener of titanium-based alloys. Width The lateral dimensions of rolled stainless steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge. If width of the stainless steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed.

ASTM-Standards Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings ASTM Volume 01.01 A 213 / A 213M Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler, superheater and heat exchanger tubes A 268 / A 268M Seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service A 269 / A 269M Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service A 312 / A 312M Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes A 376 / A 376M Seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service A 511 Seamless stainless steel mechanical tubing A 789 / A 789M Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service A 790 / A 790M Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel pipe

Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part B – Non-Ferrous Material Stainless and heat resisting steels Comparison Sheet For General Stainless Steel Grades Chemical Composition List For General Stainless Steel Grade Chemical Composition List For Special Austenitic Grades

Available dimension of seamless pipe,Stainless Steel Pipes

ASTM-Standards Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others* ASTM Volume 02.04 B 161 Nickel seamless pipe and tube (UNS N02200; N02201) B 163 Seamless nickel and nickel alloy condenser and heat exchanger tubes (e.g. UNS N02200; N04400; N06600; N08800) B 165 Nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400), seamless nickel pipe and tube B 167 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600, N06601 and N06690), seamless pipe and tube B 407 Nickel-iron-chromium alloys (UNS N08800; N08810; N08811), seamless pipe and tube B 423 Nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloys (UNS N08825), pipe and tube B 444 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloys (UNS N06625), pipe and tube B 622 Seamless nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy pipe and tube (e.g. UNS N06455; N06059; N10276, N06002) B 668 Seamless tubes (UNS N08028) B 677 Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08904; N08925; N08926) B 729 Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08020; N08026; N08024) *Note: Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious, Reactive, Refractory Metals and Alloys; Materials for Thermostats, Electrical Heating and Resistance Contacts, and Connectors

ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part B – Non-Ferrous Material Specification ASME SB 161 Nickel seamless pipe and tube (UNS N02200; N02201) SB 163 Seamless nickel and nickel alloy condenser and heat exchanger tubes (e.g. UNS N02200; N04400; N06600; N08800) SB 165 Nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400), seamless nickel pipe and tube SB 167 Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600, N06601 and N06690), seamless pipe and tube SB 407 Nickel-iron-chromium alloys (UNS N08800; N08810; N08811), seamless pipe and tube SB 423 Nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloys (UNS N08825), pipe and tube SB 444 Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloys (UNS N06625), pipe and tube SB 622 Seamless nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy pipe and tube (e.g. UNS N06455; N06059; N10276, N06002) SB 668 Seamless tubes (UNS N08028) SB 677 Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08904; N08925; N08926) SB 729 Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08020; N08026; N08024)

ASME-Standards ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification ASME SA 213 / SA 213M Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler, superheater and heat exchanger tubes SA 268 / SA 268M Seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service SA 269 / SA 269M Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service SA 312 / SA 312M Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes SA 376 / SA 376M Seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service SA 511 Seamless stainless steel mechanical tubing SA 789 / SA 789M Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service SA 790 / SA 790M Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel pipe

Comparison Sheet For General Stainless Steel Grades Comparison of steel grades by chemistry EN steel number EN steel name SAE grade UNS DIN BS 970 UNI JIS Stainless steels 1.431 X10CrNi18-8 301 S30100 1.4318 X2CrNiN18-7 301LN 1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 S30300 X10CrNiS18-9 303S 31 X10CrNiS18-09 SUS 303 En58M 1.4301 X2CrNi19-11 304 S30400 X5CrNi18-9 304S 15 X5CrNi18-10 SUS 304 X2CrNi18-10 X5CrNi18-10 304S 16 SUS 304-CSP XCrNi19-9 304S 18 304S 25 En58E 1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304L S30403 304S 11 SUS304L 1.4311 X2CrNiN18-10 304LN S30453 1.4948 X6CrNi18-11 304H S30409 1.4303 X5CrNi18-12 305 S30500 1.4401 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 316 S31600 X5CrNiMo17 12 2 316S 29 X5CrNiMo17 12 SUS 316 1.4436 X5CrNiMo18-14-3 X5CrNiMo17 13 3 316S 31 X5CrNiMo17 13 SUS316TP X5CrNiMo 19 11 316S 33 X8CrNiMo17 13 X5CrNiMo 18 11 En58J 1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316L S31603 316S 11 SUS316L 1.4406 X2CrNiMoN17-12-2 316LN S31653 1.4429 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 1.4571 316Ti S31635 X6CrNiMoTi17-12 320S 33 1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317L S31703 1.4541 321 S32100 X6CrNiTi18-10 321S 31 SUS321 1.4878 X12CrNiTi18-9 321H S32109 1.4512 X6CrTi12 409 S40900 410 S41000 1.4016 430 S43000 X6Cr17 430S 17 SUS430 440A S44002 1.4112 440B S44003 1.4125 440C S44004 X105CrMo17 SUS440C 1.4104 440F S44020 X14CrMoS17 SUS430F 1.4539 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 904L N08904 1.4547 X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 S31254

UNI-Standards Stainless and heat resisting steels UNI 6904 Seamless tubes of special alloyed corrosion and heat resisting stainless tubes GOST-Standards Stainless steels GOST 9940 Seamless stainless steel tubes, hot finished GOST 9941 Seamless stainless steel tubes, cold and hot finished European-Standards Stainless steels EN 10216-5* Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes EN ISO 1127 Seamless stainless steel tubes (Dimensions and weights) *Note: This European standard is replacing old national standards for pressure purpose (DIN 17458 DIN 17459 NFA 49117 NFA 49217 NFA 49218 BS 3605 BS 3605-1 etc…  All European standards have their own national designation (example NF EN 10216-5 DIN EN 10216-5 BS EN XXXXX UNI EN XXXXX ..) German-Standards Stainless steels DIN 17456 Seamless circular austenitic stainless steel tubes for general service DIN 28180 Seamless steel tubes for heat exchangers SEW 400 Stainless steels SEW 470 Heat resisting steels AD 2000-W2 Materials for pressure vessels – austenitic stainless steels Nickel and nickel alloys DIN 17740 Nickel for semi-finished products DIN 17742 Nickel-chromium alloys DIN 17743 Nickel-copper alloys DIN 17744 Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys DIN 17745 Nickel-copper alloys with iron DIN 17751 Nickel and nickel alloy tubes – special properties DIN 59755 Nickel and nickel alloy tubes – dimensions BS-Standards Stainless and high-strength high-temperature steels BS 3059 Steel boiler and superheater tubes BS 3606 Steel tubes for heat exchangers Nickel and nickel alloys Table BS Nickel and nickel alloys BS 3074 Nickel and nickel alloys: Seamless tubes JIS-Standards JIS G 3459 Stainless steel pipes JIS G 3463 Stainless steel boiler and heat exchanger tubes

Chemical Composition List For General Stainless Steel Grade: Designation Chemical composition % by mass max unless stated UNS No SAE No AISI No / Common Name C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Others S30100 30301 301 0.15 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 – 6.00/8.00 N 0.10 S30103 – 301L 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 – 6.00/8.00 N 0.20 S30153 – 301LN 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 – 6.00/8.00 N 0.07/0.20 S30200 30302 302 0.15 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 8.00/10.0 – S30215 30302B 302B 0.15 2.00/3.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 8.00/10.0 – S30300 30303 303 0.15 1.00 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 17.0/19.0 0.60 8.00/10.0 Zr 0.60 S30310 – XM-5 (303Plus x) 0.15 1.00 2.50/4.50 0.20 0.25 min 17.00/19.00 – 7.00/9.00 – S30323 30303Se 303Se 0.15 1.00 2.00 0.20 0.060 17.0/19.0 – 8.00/10.0 Se 0.15 min S30330 – 303Cu 0.15 1.00 2.00 0.15 0.10 min 17.00/19.00 – 6.00/10.00 Cu 2.5/4.00; Se 0.10 S30400 30304 304 0.08 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 – 8.00/10.5 – S30403 30304L 304L 0.03 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 – 8.00/12.0 – S30430 – 302HQ 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 8.0/10.0 Cu 3.0/4.0 S30452 – XM-21 (304HN) 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 – 8.00/10.00 N 0.16/0.30 S30453 – 304LN 0.030 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 – 8.00/12.0 N 0.10/0.16 S30454 – – 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 – 8.0/11.0 N 0.16/0.30 S30500 30305 305 0.12 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 10.5/13.0 – S30800 30308 308 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 19.0/21.0 – 10.0/12.0 – S31600 30316 316 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 2.00/3.00 10.0/14.0 – S31603 30316L 316L 0.03 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 2.00/3.00 10.0/14.0 – S31635 – 316Ti 0.08 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 2.00/3.00 10.0/14.0 Ti 5x (C+N) / 0.70 S31640 – 316Cb 0.08 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 2.00/3.00 10.0/14.0 Nb 10x C / 1.10 S31653 – 316LN 0.03 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.0/18.0 2.00/3.00 10.0/14.0 N 0.10/0.16 S31700 30317 317 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 3.00/4.00 11.0/15.0 – S31703 – 317L 0.030 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 3.00/4.00 11.0/15.0 N 0.10 S31725 – 317LM 0.030 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 4.0/5.0 13.5/17.5 N 0.20 S31726 – 317LMN 0.030 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/20.0 4.0/5.0 13.5/17.5 N 0.10/0.20 S31753 – 317LN 0.030 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 18.0/20.0 3.0/4.0 11.0/15.0 N 0.10/0.20 S32100 30321 321 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 9.00/12.0 5 Ti 5 x C min S34700 30347 347 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 9.00/13.0 Nb+Ta 10 x C min S34720 – 347F 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.040 0.18/0.35 17.00/19.00 0.75 9.00/12.00 Nb 10xC / 1.10; Cu 0.75; Ta 0.05 S34723 – 347FSe 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.11/0.17 0.030 17.00/19.00 0.75 9.00/12.00 Nb 10xC / 1.10; Cu 0.75; Se 0.15/0.35; Ta 0.05 S34800 30348 348 0.08 0.75 2.00 0.045 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 9.00/13.0 Nb+Ta 10 x C / 1.00; Ta:0.10 max; Co 0.20 S38400 30384 384 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.030 15.0/17.0 – 17.0/19.0 –

Chemical Composition List For Special Austenitic Grades Designation Chemical composition % by mass max unless stated UNS No SAE No AISI No / Common Name C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Others N08020 – 20Cb-3 0.07 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.035 19.0/21.0 2.00/3.00 32.0/38.0 Cu 3.0/4.0; Nb 8xC / 1.00 N08024 – 20Mo-4 0.03 0.50 1.00 0.035 0.035 22.50/25.00 3.50/5.00 35.00/40.00 Cu 0.50/1.50; Nb+Ta 0.15/0.35 N08026 – 20Mo6 0.03 0.50 1.00 0.03 0.03 22.00/26.00 5.00/6.70 33.0/37.20 Cu 2.00/4.00; N 0.10/0.16 N08028 – Sanicro28 0.030 1.0 2.50 0.030 0.030 26.0/28.0 3.0/4.0 30.0/34.0 Cu 0.6/1.4 N08366 – AL-6X 0.035 1.00 2.00 0.040 0.030 20.00/22.00 6.00/7.00 23.50/25.50 – N08367 – AL-6XN 0.030 1.00 2.00 0.040 0.030 20.0/22.0 6.0/7.0 23.5/25.5 Cu 0.75; N 0.18/0.25 N08700 – JS700 0.04 1.00 2.00 0.040 0.030 19.0/23.0 4.3/5.0 24.0/26.0 Cu 0.50; Nb 8xC / 0.40 N08904 – 904L 0.020 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.035 19.0/23.0 4.0/5.0 23.0/28.0 Cu 1.0/2.0 N08925 – 1925hMo 0.020 0.50 1.0 0.045 0.030 19.0/21.0 6.0/7.0 24.0/26.0 Cu 0.8/1.5; N 0.1/0.2 N08926 – – 0.020 1.50 2.00 0.030 0.010 19.0/21.0 6.0/7.0 24.0/26.0 Cu 0.5/1.5; N 0.15/0.25 S30600 – Cronifer 1815 LCSi 0.018 3.7/4.3 2.00 0.020 0.020 17.0/18.5 0.20 14.0/15.5 Cu 0.50 S30601 – – 0.015 5.0/5.6 0.50/0.80 0.030 0.013 17.0/18.0 0.20 17.0/18.0 Cu 0.05; N 0.35 S31050 – 310MoLN 0.020 0.50 2.00 0.030 0.010 24.0/26.0 1.60/2.60 0.09/0.15 N 0.09/0.15 S31254 – 254SMO 0.020 0.80 1.00 0.030 0.010 19.5/20.5 6.0/6.5 17.5/18.5 Cu 0.50/1.00; N 0.18/0.22 S31266 – – 0.030 1.00 2.0/4.0 0.035 0.020 23.0/25.0 5.2/6.2 21.0/24.0 Cu 1.00/2.50; N 0.35/0.60; W 1.50/2.50 S31277 – – 0.020 0.50 3.00 0.030 0.010 20.5/23.0 6.5/8.0 26.0/28.0 Cu 0.5/1.50; N 0.30/0.40 S32050 – – 0.030 1.00 1.50 0.035 0.020 22.0/24.0 6.0/6.8 20.0/23.0 Cu 0.40 S32615 – – 0.07 4.8/6.0 2.00 0.045 0.030 16.5/19.5 0.30/1.50 19.0/22.0 Cu 1.50/2.50 S32654 – 654SMO 0.020 0.50 2.0/4.0 0.030 0.005 24.0/25.0 7.0/8.0 21.0/23.0 Cu 0.30/0.60; N 0.45/0.55 S34565 – Nirosta 4565S 0.030 1.00 5.0/7.0 0.030 0.010 23.0/25.0 4.0/5.0 16.0/18.0 N 0.40/0.60; Nb 10x C / 1.00 S35135 – – 0.08 0.60/1.00 1.00 0.045 0.015 20.0/25.0 4.0/4.8 30./38.0 Ti 0.40/1.00 S38100 – XM-15 (18-18-2) 0.08 1.50/2.50 2.00 0.030 0.030 17.0/19.0 – 17.5/18.5 – S38815 – – 0.030 5.5/6.5 2.00 0.040 0.020 13.0/15.0 0.75/1.50 13.0/17.0 Cu 0.75/1.50; Al 0.30

Duplex Duplex is a material that has approximately equal amounts of austenite and ferrite. These combine excellent corrosion resistance with high strength. Mechanical properties are approximately double those of singular austenitic steel and resistance to stress corrosion cracking is superior to type 316 stainless steel in chloride solutions. Duplex material has ductile or brittle transition at approximately -50 degrees. High Temperature use is usually restricted to a maximum temperature of 300 degrees for indefinite use due to embrittlement. Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite, the aim being to produce a 50/50 mix, although in commercial alloys, the mix may be 40/60 respectively. Duplex steels have improved strength over austenitic stainless steels and also improved resistance to localised corrosion, particularly pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. They are characterised by high chromium (19–28%) and molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel contents than austenitic stainless steels. The most used Duplex Stainless Steel are the 2205 (22% Chromium, 5% Nickel) and 2507 (25% Chromium, 7% Nickel); the 2507 is also known as “Super Duplex” due to its higher corrosion resistance. Super Duplex Super duplex pipe is known to have better stress corrosion, cracking resistance and mechanical properties. The high corrosion resistance of super duplex pipeline supplies makes them ideal for onshore and offshore environments in oil and gas applications. Please see our industry pages for more information regarding the implications of Super Duplex piping. Super Duplex is an Austenitic Ferritic Iron Chromium – Nickel Alloys with Molybdenum addition. It has good resistance to pitting and a very high tensile strength and high resistance too stress corrosion cracking at moderate temperatures compared to that of conventional austenitic stainless steels.