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AS 2129:2000 TABLE F TABLE F LENGTH THROUGH HUB DRILLING DATA TABLE F NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE  (Refer Note.1) BOSSED  SOW WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 95 10 20 32 67 14 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 100 10 21 32 73 14 4 20 3/4 25 1 120 10 21 39 87 18 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 135 13 24 48 98 18 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 140 13 26 48 105 18 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 165 16 29 51 127 18 4 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 16 32 54 146 18 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 16 32 60 165 18 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 215 19 36 63 178 18 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 230 19 38 70 191 18 8 100 4 125 5 280 22 41 79 235 22 8 125 5 150 6 305 22 41 79 260 22 12 150 6 200 8 370 25 47 92 324 22 12 200 8 225 9 405 29 54 102 356 26 12 225 9 250 10 430 29 56 102 381 26 12 250 10 300 12 490 32 61 111 438 26 16 300 12 350 14 550 35 495 30 16 350 14 375 15 580 38 521 30 16 375 15 400 16 610 41 552 30 20 400 16 450 18 675 44 610 33 20 450 18 500 20 735 51 673 33 24 500 20 525 21 760 51 699 33 24 525 21 550 22 785 54 724 33 24 550 22 600 24 850 57 781 36 24 600 24 700 28 935 60 857 36 24 700 28 750 30 1015 67 940 36 28 750 30 800 32 1060 68 984 36 28 800 32 850 34 1090 70 1016 36 32 850 34 900 36 1185 76 1105 39 32 900 36 1000 40 1275 83 1194 39 36 1000 40 1050 42 1355 86 1270 39 36 1050 42 1200 48 1530 95 1441 42 40 1200 48 NOTES: (1) The minimum flange thickness in carbon steel flanges will be 12mm. (2) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (3) Flanges are generally supplied flat faced. (4) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE E TABLE E LENGTH THROUGH HUB DRILLING DATA TABLE E NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE  (Refer Note.1) BOSSED  SOW WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 95 6 16 28 67 14 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 100 6 17 28 73 14 4 20 3/4 25 1 115 7 18 29 83 14 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 120 8 19 33 87 14 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 135 9 22 38 98 14 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 150 10 23 39 114 18 4 50 2 65 2 1/2 165 10 26 42 127 18 4 65 2 1/2 80 3 185 11 27 46 146 18 4 80 3 90 3 1/2 205 12 29 47 165 18 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 215 13 32 54 178 18 8 100 4 125 5 255 14 33 58 210 18 8 125 5 150 6 280 17 36 65 235 22 8 150 6 200 8 335 19 41 70 292 22 8 200 8 225 9 370 21 46 78 324 22 12 225 9 250 10 405 22 49 86 356 22 12 250 10 300 12 455 25 54 95 406 26 12 300 12 350 14 525 29 102 470 26 12 350 14 375 15 550 32 108 495 26 12 375 15 400 16 580 32 521 26 12 400 16 450 18 640 35 584 26 16 450 18 500 20 705 38 641 26 16 500 20 525 21 735 41 673 30 16 525 21 550 22 760 44 699 30 16 550 22 600 24 825 48 756 33 16 600 24 700 28 910 51 845 33 20 700 28 750 30 995 54 927 36 20 750 30 800 32 1060 54 984 36 20 800 32 850 34 1090 57 1016 36 20 850 34 900 36 1175 64 1092 36 24 900 36 1000 40 1255 67 1175 39 24 1000 40 1050 42 1335 70 1251 39 28 1050 42 1200 48 1490 79 1410 39 32 1200 48 NOTES: (1) The minimum flange thickness in carbon steel flanges will be 12mm. (2) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (3) Flanges are generally supplied flat faced. (4) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE H TABLE H LENGTH THROUGH HUB DRILLING DATA TABLE H NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE BOSSED  SOW WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 115 13 23 42 83 18 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 115 13 24 42 83 18 4 20 3/4 25 1 120 14 25 43 87 18 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 135 17 28 52 98 18 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 140 17 30 52 105 18 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 165 19 32 54 127 18 4 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 19 35 57 146 18 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 22 38 66 165 18 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 215 22 39 66 178 18 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 230 25 44 76 191 18 8 100 4 125 5 280 29 48 86 235 22 8 125 5 150 6 305 29 48 86 260 22 12 150 6 200 8 370 32 54 99 324 22 12 200 8 225 9 405 35 60 108 356 26 12 225 9 250 10 430 35 62 108 381 26 12 250 10 300 12 490 41 70 120 438 26 16 300 12 350 14 550 48 495 30 16 350 14 375 15 580 51 521 30 16 375 15 400 16 610 54 552 30 20 400 16 450 18 675 60 610 33 20 450 18 500 20 735 67 673 33 24 500 20 525 21 760 70 699 33 24 525 21 550 22 785 70 724 33 24 550 22 600 24 850 76 781 36 24 600 24 NOTES: (1) The minimum flange thickness in carbon steel flanges will be 12mm. (2) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (3) Flanges are generally supplied flat faced. (4) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE K TABLE K LENGTH THROUGH HUB DRILLING DATA TABLE K NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE  (Refer Note.3) BOSSED  SOW WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 115 19 N/A 48 83 18 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 115 19 N/A 48 83 18 4 20 3/4 25 1 125 22 N/A 57 95 18 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 135 22 N/A 57 98 18 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 150 25 N/A 60 114 22 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 165 25 N/A 60 127 18 8 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 29 N/A 67 146 22 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 32 N/A 76 165 22 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 230 32 N/A 76 184 26 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 240 35 N/A 86 197 26 8 100 4 125 5 280 41 N/A 98 235 26 12 125 5 150 6 305 41 N/A 98 260 26 12 150 6 200 8 370 48 N/A 115 318 30 12 200 8 250 10 430 51 N/A 124 381 30 16 250 10 300 12 490 57 N/A 140 432 33 16 300 12 350 14 570 67 N/A 67 508 36 16 350 14 400 16 630 76 N/A 565 36 20 400 16 450 18 720 89 N/A 200 654 39 20 450 18 500 20 785 98 N/A 215 711 42 20 500 20 550 22 870 105 N/A 222 781 55 20 550 22 NOTES: (1) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (2) Raised face availabe only. (3) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE R TABLE R LTB DRILLING DATA TABLE R NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 115 19 48 83 18 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 115 19 48 83 18 4 20 3/4 25 1 125 22 57 95 18 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 135 22 57 98 18 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 150 25 60 114 22 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 165 25 60 127 18 8 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 29 67 146 22 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 32 76 165 22 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 230 32 76 184 26 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 240 35 86 197 26 8 100 4 125 5 280 41 98 235 26 12 125 5 150 6 305 44 111 260 26 12 150 6 200 8 370 51 124 324 30 12 200 8 250 10 430 60 152 387 30 16 250 10 300 12 510 70 172 457 33 16 300 12 350 14 585 79 193 527 36 16 350 14 400 16 640 89 216 584 36 20 400 16 450 18 735 98 235 673 39 20 450 18 500 20 805 105 242 730 42 20 500 20 550 22 895 114 257 806 55 20 550 22 NOTES: (1) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (2) Raised face availabe only. (3) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE J TABLE J LENGTH THROUGH HUB DRILLING DATA TABLE J NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE  (Refer Note.3) BOSSED  SOW WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 115 16 26 45 83 18 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 115 16 27 45 83 18 4 20 3/4 25 1 120 19 30 48 87 18 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 135 19 30 54 98 18 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 140 22 35 57 105 18 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 165 25 38 60 127 22 4 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 25 41 63 146 22 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 32 48 76 165 22 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 215 32 49 76 178 22 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 230 35 54 86 191 22 8 100 4 125 5 280 38 57 95 235 26 8 125 5 150 6 305 38 57 95 260 26 12 150 6 200 8 370 41 108 324 26 12 200 8 250 10 430 48 121 381 30 12 250 10 300 12 490 51 130 438 30 16 300 12 350 14 550 57 143 495 33 16 350 14 400 16 610 64 552 33 20 400 16 450 18 675 70 610 36 20 450 18 500 20 735 79 673 36 24 500 20 550 22 785 86 724 36 24 550 22 600 24 850 92 781 39 24 600 24 NOTES: (1) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (2) Raised face is the prefered configuration. (3) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE T TABLE T LTB DRILLING DATA TABLE T NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 140 25 63 102 22 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 140 25 63 102 22 4 20 3/4 25 1 145 29 73 108 22 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 160 32 80 121 26 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 170 35 86 133 22 8 40 1 1/2 50 2 185 35 89 146 22 8 50 2 65 2 1/2 205 41 101 165 26 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 235 48 108 191 30 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 265 54 124 216 33 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 285 57 133 235 33 8 100 4 125 5 325 67 159 273 33 12 125 5 150 6 375 73 175 318 36 12 150 6 200 8 475 89 203 406 42 12 200 8 250 10 560 108 254 489 42 16 250 10 300 12 655 121 292 572 48 16 300 12 NOTES: (1) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (2) Raised face availabe only. (3) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

AS 2129:2000 TABLE S TABLE S LTB DRILLING DATA TABLE S NOMINAL PIPE SIZE FLANGE  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER THICKNESS OF FLANGE WELD  NECK PITCH  CIRCLE DIAMETER BOLT  HOLE DIAMETER NUMBER  OF  BOLT  HOLES NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE MM INCH OD T L1 PCD H ﹟ MM INCH 15 1/2 125 22 60 89 22 4 15 1/2 20 3/4 125 22 60 89 22 4 20 3/4 25 1 140 25 69 102 22 4 25 1 32 1 1/4 145 29 77 108 22 4 32 1 1/4 40 1 1/2 160 29 80 121 22 4 40 1 1/2 50 2 170 32 83 133 22 8 50 2 65 2 1/2 185 32 86 146 22 8 65 2 1/2 80 3 205 35 89 165 26 8 80 3 90 3 1/2 235 38 92 191 26 8 90 3 1/2 100 4 250 41 101 203 30 8 100 4 125 5 285 44 104 235 26 12 125 5 150 6 325 51 127 273 30 12 150 6 200 8 415 64 150 356 36 12 200 8 250 10 485 79 190 425 36 16 250 10 300 12 580 92 219 508 42 16 300 12 350 14 650 105 248 578 42 20 350 14 400 16 745 117 276 660 48 20 400 16 NOTES: (1) Bore sizes to suit ASME B 36.10B36.19 pipe unless otherwise specified. (2) Raised face availabe only. (3) For special requirement, please make a enquiry here now.

What is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is essentially a low carbon steel which contains chromium at 10% or more by weight. It is this addition of chromium that gives the steel its unique stainless, corrosion-resisting properties. The chromium content of the steel allows the formation of a rough, adherent, invisible, corrosion-resisting chromium oxide film on the steel surface. If damaged mechanically or chemically, this film is self-healing, providing that oxygen, even in very small amounts, is present. The corrosion resistance and other useful properties of the steel are enhanced by increased chromium content and the addition of other elements such as molybdenum, nickel, and nitrogen. There are more than 60 grades of stainless steel. However, the entire group can be pided into five families. Each is identified by the alloying elements which affect its microstructure and for which each is named. Mainly because it was invented century ago, stainless has grown into a important material, its anti-corrosive qualities rendering it suitable for used in a huge range of different environments and circumstances. Towards the lay person, one little bit of stainless steel may seem just like any other, however the truth of the matter is a bit more complicated. The sturdiness of metal cheap it doesn’t should be painted or coated in any way helps it be the optimal material to be used in places where cleanliness is definitely a high priority, for example hospitals or kitchens. As mentioned previously, there is many form of stainless steel, with various grades being created via adding various other elements. They are selected to make slightly different alloys with particular properties including heat resistance or workability, which make the steel more suitable for specific tasks. This versatility is reflected in the fact that there are actually over 150 different grades of metal, with fifteen ones to be the ones normally used. Popular grades of stainless steel include: 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel. With a simpler level, there are five types of stainless steel, which may be classified as follows: Ferritic stainless steel – Ferritic stainless steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These stainless steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic stainless steel is less ductile than austenitic stainless steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment. Austenitic stainless steel – These are actually the most common types of stainless steel, accounting for 70% of all stainless production. Its versatility is mostly down to the fact that it is usually formed and welded with successful results. Martensitic stainless steel – These types of steel shares some characteristics with ferritic, but boasts higher levels of carbon, up to a full 1%. This means that they can be tempered and hardened and are thus highly useful in situations where the strength of the steel is more important than its resistance to corrosion. Duplex stainless steel – Put simply, Duplex stainless steels are a combination of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels, a structure which renders duplex stainless steel stronger than both. Precipitation Hardening – With the addition of elements such as Aluminium, Copper and Niobium, these stainless steels become extremely strong. They can be machined and worked into a wide variety of shapes without becoming distorted and, in terms of corrosion, have the same resistance levels as austenitic stainless steels.

Nickel, long used as an alloying element in thousands of alloys, is produced by a wide range of companies worldwide. It has an excellent track record for providing corrosion resistance, high strength at high temperatures, and aesthetic beauty in a wide range of applications. Nickel alloys are used today to provide cleaner and safer transportation, clean food and water, reduced emissions to air and water, more durable products, clean and renewable energy, and efficient shipping and communications. It has become known as an “enviro-metal.”

Age Hardening Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil. Alloying Element The adding of any metallic element in stainless steel production in order to increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, nickel, and chromium are common alloying elements in stainless steel. Alloy Surcharge  The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices. Annealing (Solution Annealing) A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades). It relieves stresses that have built up during cold working and insures maximum corrosion resistance. Annealing can produce scale on the surface that must be removed by pickling. Austenitic Stainless Steel Non-magnetic stainless steels that contain nickel and chromium sufficient to develop and retain the austenitic phase at room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used category of stainless steel. Centerless Grinding An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe. Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides. Chromium (Cr) An alloying element that is used in stainless steel to deter corrosion. Cold Finished Bars Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength. Cold Forming (Cold Working) Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc., performed at room temperature that increases the hardness and strength of the stainless steel. Continuous Casting Processes of pouring stainless steel into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from the furnace. This process avoids the need for large, expensive mills and also saves time because the slabs solidify in minutes rather than the several hours it takes for an ingot to form. Corrosion The attack upon metals by chemical agents converting them to non-metallic products. Stainless steel has a passive film created by the presence of chromium (and often other alloying elements – nickel, molybdenum) that resists this process. Corrosion Fatigue Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment. Corrosion Resistance A metal’s ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment. Crevice Corrosion Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion. Cut-to-Length Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipping it flat-stacked. Duplex  Stainless steel comprised of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels that contain high amounts of chromium and nickel. This combination is stronger than both of the inpidual stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking. Elongation A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches. Erosion-Corrosion An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material. Fabricator An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project. Fatigue A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile strength of the material. Ferrite The body-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron-based alloys. Ferritic Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%. It is the second most widely used stainless steel. Ferritic stainless steels are generally used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, hot water tanks, and interior architectural trim. Ferroalloy Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making. Ferrochrome A common raw material in stainless steel production. This alloy consists of iron and up to 72% chromium. Finish The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production. Finishing Facilities These facilities process semi-finished stainless steel into ready-made forms that can be used by others. Some facilities are rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product) Category of stainless steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate. Forming A process that brings about a change in the shape of stainless steel by the application of force (i.e. cold forming, hot forming, wire forming). Free-Machining A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining. Galvanic Corrosion Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte. Gauge The thickness of a certain stainless steel. General Corrosion General corrosion is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically, stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion. Heat Treatment Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes. To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of stainless steel so that it is suitable for additional applications. Hot Forming Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change. High temperature reduces their yield strengths, and this results in a marked lowering of the force that is required to bring about plastic movement or flow from one shape to another (hot rolling, hot stretching, etc.). Impact Test Impact testing is used to measure the toughness of a material, corresponding to the energy necessary to cause fracture under shock loading. Low toughness is generally associated with brittle shear fracture and high toughness with ductile plastic tearing. Intergranular Corrosion Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal. Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries. Life Cycle Costing An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance. Long Products Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat. Low-Carbon Stainless Steel Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon. Martensite A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure. Martensitic A small category of magnetic stainless steels typically containing 12% chromium, a moderate level of carbon, and a very low level of nickel. Mechanical Properties (Physical Properties) Properties determined by mechanical testing, such as yield strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, bendability, impact strength, etc. Molybdenum (Mo) An alloying element that enhances corrosion resistance along with chromium in stainless steels. Nickel (Ni) An alloying element used in stainless steels to enhance ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel-Based Superalloys Alloy metal produced for high-performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys. Passivation When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to the presence of chromium), but the time required can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution of nitric acid and water. Passive A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually unattacked — hence, passive to its environment. Pickling A process that removes surface scale and oxidation products by immersion in a chemically active solution, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. Plate Stainless steel measuring more than 10 inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over. Precipitation Hardening (PH) A small category of stainless steels resembling martensitic stainless steels that have great strength and hardness due to heat treatment. Service Center An operation that buys metal, stores it (often processing it in some way), and then sells it in a slightly different form than it was purchased from the producing mills. Shearing Trimming of the edges of sheet strip to make them parallel. This is done at either the stainless steel mill or at the stainless steel processor. Slab A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long. After casting, slabs are sent to a strip mill where they are rolled and coiled into sheet and plate products. Solution Heat Treatment Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the constituents within. Specialty Alloys Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties. These alloys are produced for very specific applications and considered to be on the low end of superalloys. Specialty Steel Category of steel that includes electric, alloy, stainless, and tool steels. Stainless Steel Group of corrosion-resistant steels containing at least 10.5% chromium which may also contain other alloying elements. These steels resist corrosion and maintain their strength at high temperatures. Strength The ability of stainless steel to oppose applied forces when considering resistance to stretching, forming, compressing, etc. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Slowly developing cracks that form in stainless steel due to mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment. Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) A refinement of stainless steel that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined stainless steel is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top. Many undesirable gases escape from the stainless steel and are evacuated by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten stainless steel further. Vanadium (V) A gray metal that is normally used as an alloying agent for iron and stainless steel. It is also used as a strengthener of titanium-based alloys. Width The lateral dimensions of rolled stainless steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge. If width of the stainless steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed.

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel and nickel alloy is dependent on a thin invisible film on the steel surface, the passive film. There are, however, environments that cause permanent breakdown of the passive layer. Under circumstances where the passive layer cannot be rebuilt, corrosion occurs on the unprotected surface. Different media can cause different types of corrosion attack that may vary in nature and appearance. Several forms of corrosion can occur on stainless steels and nickel alloy plates.