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AS/NZS 4331.1 (ISO 7005-1) PN10 & PN16 Australian Standard Steel Backing Flanges · AS 4087 PN16 & PN21 Australian Standard Steel Backing Flanges · AS 2129 TABLE D & TABLE E Australian Standard Steel Backing Flanges · AS 2129 TABLES D, E, F & H Australian Standard Slip on welding (SOW) & Blind Flanges

Spiral Wound Gaskets are made of a preformed thin metallic strip combined with a soft sealing composite material, wound together under pressure to energize the sealing element to act like a spring when compressed between two flange faces. The sealing element can be used stand-alone or in  conjunction with inner and/or outer rings depending on the application. Spiral Wound Gaskets are available in a full range of styles and materials and are manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.20 for use in all industry flanges, including ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B 16.47, Series A & B. Spiral Wound Gaskets can be made from a large selection of alloys and filler materials in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some of the most common shapes are as follows. Style S Gasket– Sealing Element Designed for tongue and grove applications, the style S gasket is a stand alone sealing element where the ID is reinforced with several layers of metal winding, filler material is then introduce to offer greater sealing ability and the gasket is finished with several more layers of metal to help insure stability.  Style SI Gasket– Sealing Element with Inner Ring The SI configuration is the same as the S except that a solid inner ring is utilized to prevent over compression. This design is also helpful in turbulent applications which are prone to cause erosion of the flange faces.  Style CS Gasket– Centering Ring with Sealing Element The CS gasket utilizes an external ring where the ID is grooved to insert a sealing element. The external ring or centering ring is designed to properly guide the gasket on a bolted flange accurately centering gasket. The Centering also provides additional radial strength to prevent gasket blowout and acts as a compression limiter.  Style CSI Gasket- Centering Ring with Sealing Element and Inner Ring The CSI gasket is best suited where high pressure and temperature is a factor or in applications where corrosive or toxic media maybe present. Like the CS profile, the CSI gasket includes an inner ring which has proven to be very helpful to eliminate inward buckling of the sealing element. ASME B16.20 requires the use of CSI gaskets when PTFE is used as the filler in all ANSI B16.5 applications as well as:       • Pressure Class 900, nominal pipe sizes 24” and larger       • Pressure Class 1500, nominal pipe sizes 12” and larger       • Pressure Class 2500, nominal pipe sizes 4” and larger Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

One of the most versatile and commonly used stainless steels on the market, Grade 304 stainless steel is the most standard used alloy of this type. Essentially, Grade 304 is an austenitic chromium alloy which is also known as an “18/8” stainless as the make-up of the steel is 18% chromium and 8% nickel. The chromium content promotes the material’s considerable resistance to the effects of corrosion and oxidation. The stainless steel alloy resists most oxidizing acids and will withstand ordinary rusting though this does not mean that the steel will not tarnish over time. The steel needs to be cold worked to generate higher tensile strength. For stainless steel sections which are welded heavily, post-weld annealing may be necessary to provide maximum corrosive resistance. Type 304 Stainless Steel has excellent welding and deep drawing characteristics – it is easy to fabricate, easy to clean and aesthetically pleasing to the eye. Chemical Composition of Grade 304 Stainless Steel The chemical composition of Grade 304 stainless steel is provided in the table below.UNS NOGradeCSiMnPSCrMoNiNS304003040.080.752.000.0450.03018.00/20.00–8.00/10.500.10 Mechanical Properties of Grade 304 Stainless Steel The mechanical properties of Grade 304 stainless steel are provided in the table below.UNS NoGradeProof Stress 0.2% (MPa)Tensile Strength (MPa)Elongation A5(%)Hardness MaxHBHRBS304003042055154020192 Applications of Grade 304 Stainless Steel The steel is common throughout industry particularly in food processing as the material is not susceptible to corrosion from acids found in common foodstuffs. As a consequence, such steel is ideal for items such as sinks, work surfaces, preparation areas and refrigerators. It is also a perfect material for use in the pharmaceutical industry for environments such as clean rooms. Grade 304 can also be found in heat exchangers, chemical containers, pipelines and throughout the brewing industry. It can be used as a fabricated material where high temperature petroleum gases or steam production gases are stored such as pressure vessels. It can even be found extensively in the construction industry where the material is used for cosmetic purposes such as a building fascias. 304 & 304L plate and pipes have similar properties, where it is concluded that each item has properties and a composition which comply with both steel types. Grade 304H cannot be included in this equation due to the steel’s higher carbon content which is intended for use in elevated temperature applications. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

The surface of Stainless Steel Pipe is actually and extremely thin but stable and passive Chromium rich oxide film, on which Stainless Steel Pipe relies for its excellent corrosion resistance. The surface finish on Stainless Steel Pipe should therefore be developed and maintained to ensure this vital property, and also for the secondary reason of the pleasing aesthetic appearance of Stainless Steel Pipe. Standard Mill Finished – Stainless Steel Pipe The Standard Mill Surface Finished are laid down in Specifications BS 1449, Part 4, and the Committee of Stainless Steel Pipe Producers, American Iron & Steel Institute. The finished are designated by a system of numbers, and these are broadly described hereunder relative to the finishing operations employed. It should be remembered that different grades of Stainless Steel Pipe can result in a variation of visual appearance for the same finishing operation. The thickness can also have an effect, generally the thinner the material the smoother the surface finish. The thicker gauge sizes of Stainless Steel Pipe are hot rolled. This is done at high temperatures and will always result in a scaled surface. Stainless Steel Pipe Flat Product is supplied in the annealed ie fully softened condition. This is also a high temperature operation and unless carried out in a very closely controlled inert atmosphere, will result in oxidation (scaling) of the surface. The scale is usually removed by a pickling process, that is the removal of the scale by use of suitable acids, and the passivated by the use of Nitric Acid. Note Much of the 2B Finish sheet imported is not a true 2B Finish. Mills which operate bright annealing facilities will often carry out all the annealing operations of Cold Rolled material in such facilities. This leads to a superior “2B” finish as no oxidation or scaling takes place during the annealing operation, even though the actual rolling may be effected on polished rolls as for normal 2B Finish, but not highly polished as would be needed to produce a BA finish. The following finishes are all mechanically produced polished finishes. As well as being standard mill finishes, they are also applied to Stainless Steel Pipe articles and components to meet the required aesthetic criteria. It should be appreciated that factors such as hand polishing vs. mechanical polishing; polishing a flat product as against a component of complex shape; thickness and composition of material can affect the visual appearance of the final surface. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Proprietary wellhead gaskets and seals are critical components used in both subsea and surface applications. Predominately, these parts are manufactured from all types of steels, stainless steels and high nickel alloys and are manufactured to very strict tolerances. wilsonpipeline manufactures all our customer’s proprietary wellhead gasket requirements on CNC machine tools in CN. Wellhead Gaskets Styles SBX Ring type joints Gaskets SBX are used on sub-sea assembly with flanges API 6BX, API 17SS and API 17SV. They can seal up to 5,000 PSI, according to API 17D for 17SS flanges and up to 10,000 PSI, according to API 17D for 17SV flanges. SRX Ring type joints Gaskets SRX are used on sub sea assembly with flanges API 17D – offshore, type 17SS and 17SV. They can seal up to 5,000 PSI, according to API 17D for 17SS flanges. AX Ring type joints Gaskets AX are used in H4 hydraulic connectors – sub sea production equipments such as BOP or underwater Christmas tree. VX Ring type joints Gaskets VX are used in H4 hydraulic connectors – sub sea production equipments such as BOP or underwater Christmas tree. VX-HP (High Pressure) Ring type joints Gaskets VX are used in H4 hydraulic connectors – sub sea production equipments such as BOP or underwater Christmas tree. Manufactured to perform under deep water of up to 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) depth. It is imperative that proprietary parts are manufactured to the customer’s specifications. A deep understanding of the customer’s requirements is paramount to the successful delivery of a part ‘On Time’ and defect free. This is where wilsonpipeline has the edge over all our competition. We have been supplying the Wellhead Gaskets manufacturers for over 10 years. Our understanding of the customer’s requirements is unique, mainly due to the relationships we build with our customers. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

The final operation of stainless steel tubes fter fabrication or heat treatment is cleaning to remove surface contamination and restore corrosion resistance of the exposed surfaces. Degreasing to remove cutting oils, grease, crayon markings, fingerprints, dirt, grime and other organic residues is the first step.  Degreasing: Non-chlorinated solvents should be used in order to avoid leaving residues of chloride ions in crevices and other locations where they can initiate crevice attack, pitting, and stress corrosion later on when the equipment is placed in service.  Machined Components: After degreasing, machined components are sometimes “passivated” in 10% nitric acid. Nitric acid enhances the natural oxide surface film.  Fabrications: After degreasing, metallic surface contaminants such as iron embedded in fabrication shop forming and handling, weld splatter, heat tint, inclusions and other metallic particles must be removed in order to restore the inherentcorrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface.  Nitric-HF pickling, (10% HNO3, 2% HF at 49C to 60C (120 to 140F), is the most widely used and effective method removing metallic surface contamination. Pickling may be done by immersion or locally using a pickling paste. Electropolishing, using oxalic or phosphoric acid for the electrolyte and a copper bar or plate for the cathode can be equally effective. Electro-polishing may be done locally to remove heat tint alongside of welds or over the whole surface. Both pickling and electropolishing remove a layer several atoms deep from the surface. Removal of the surface layer has the further benefit of removing surface layers that may have become somewhat impoverished in chromium during the final heat treatment operation. Glass bead or walnut shell blasting are very effective in removing metallic surface contamination without damaging the surface. It is sometimes necessary to resort to blasting with clean sand to restore heavily contaminated surfaces such as tank bottoms, but care must be taken to be certain the sand is truly clean, is not recycled and does not roughen the surface. Steel shot blasting should not be used as it will contaminate the stainless steel with an iron deposit. Stainless steel wire brushing or light grinding with clean aluminum oxide abrasive discs or flapper wheels are helpful. Grinding or polishing with grinding wheels or continuous belt sanders tend to overheat the surface layers to the point where resistance cannot be fully restored even with subsequent pickling. More information on cleaning and finishing may be found in: “Heat Treating, Cleaning and Finishing”, Metals Handbook, 10th Edition. ASTM A 380, “Recommended Practice for Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steel Tubes Parts, Equipment and Systems”, ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Tuthill, A. H., “Fabrication and Post Fabrication Cleanup of Stainless Steel”, NiDI literature, Item 10 004. Pettibone, J. S., “Burgers, Fries, Coke, and Stainless Steel” NiDI literature, Item 10 009. AISI, “Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steel, NiDI literature, Item 9 001. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Precision stainless steel tube, selected prime raw materials, cold drawn and cold rolled, tight tolerance in OD/ID clean and smooth surface on OD/ID, Withstand high pressure, no deformation after cold bending, no crack and break after flattening and flaring. widely used in the following fields:Hydraulic and instrumentations Precision mechanical engineering Automotive Industry Producing standard Of Stainless Steel Tube: China: GB 14975-2002,GB 14976-2002 America: ASTM A269, ASTM A213 German: DIN 17458 Europe: EN 10216-5,ISO 1127 Available materials Of Stainless Steel Tube: China: 0Cr18Ni9 / 00Cr19Ni10 / 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 / 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 / 0Cr18Ni10 Ti / 0Cr18Ni12Mo3 Ti America: TP304 / TP304L / TP316 / TP316L / TP321 / TP316Ti / TP347 Europe: DIN/EN1.4301M / 1.4306 / 1.4401/ 1.4404 / 1.4541 / 1.4571 / 1.4550 Size range: O.D (3.18- 60.33mm) * WT (0.5-6mm) Delivery Condition: Pickled and annealed,O/D polished (180,240,320,400 Grit) Tolerance Of Hydraulic and Instrumentation Stainless Steel Tube: Standard OD(mm) WT(mm) ASTM A269 < 38.1 ± 0.13mm OD/AD < 12.7 mm +/- 15% 38.1-88.9 ± 0.25mm OD/AD ≥12.7 mm+/- 10% EN 10216-5 D2 ± 1.0 % / ± 0.5 mm T2 ± 12.5 % /± 0.4 mm D 3 ± 0.75 % /± 0.3 mm T3 ±10 % /± 0.2 mm D4 ± 0.5 % /± 0.1 mm T4 ± 7.5 % /± 0.15 mm DIN 2391-1 6-30 mm +/- 0,08mm +/- 10% GB 14976-2 (6-10) ± 0.2 mm (0.5-1.0)± 0.15mm (10-30) ± 0.3mm (1.0-3.0) ± 14% (30-50) ± 0.4mm ≥ 3 +12%/-10% Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

The carbon steel and the stainless steel both suffer a reduction in the values of their mechanical proprieties while working in high temperatures. As a matter of fact, this is an attribute of metals and metallic alloys in general. In common steel, the loss in mechanical proprieties is more expressive than in the austenitic stainless steel, explaining the selection preference of these materials forhigh temperature applications. The equipments projects must consider this aspect, and that should not be forgotten while doing the material specification. However, in high temperature, the anti-corrosion resistance is usual the most important factor in the material selection. In high temperatures, the stainless steel is superior to the carbon steel, as for the anti-corrosion resistance and the mechanical proprieties. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Tolerances for bright drawn, ground, turned and polished stainless steel bars are included with the general standard for otherbright stainless steel bars in EN 10278. The standard mentions the shapes round, hexagon, square and flat, but not all of these cross sections have specific tolerance tables. This article will only show the tolerances for stainless steel bars for the sections specifically covered. All dimensions are in millimetres (mm). These tolerances can be used in conjunction with bars specified to EN 10088-3 Finish condition and tolerance classes Finish condition EN 10278 has the symbols for finishes, as shown below. drawn +C turned +SH ground +SL polished +PL Tolerances classes Tolerances on dimensions (diameter, thickness, width) are those established by ISO 286-2. The tolerance classes that are applicable to various finish conditions and sections are shown in the table below. Finish conditionTolerance class to ISO 286-2h6h7h8h9h10h11h12Drawn–––RRR,S,HR,S,HTurned–––RRRRGroundRRRRRRRPolishedRRRRRRR R = round; S = square; H = hexagon The tolerances (or limit deviations) for the whole range tolerance “ISO” classes covering round and hexagon bars is shown in table below. The ranges are all +0, all minus ie for a 20mm bar to tolerance class h9 with a tolerance range of 0.052, the tolerance is -0.052/+0, giving an acceptable product size range of 19.948 to 20.000mm. Tolerances on cross sections Drawn round bars, hexagon and square bars Drawn round bars are covered by class h10, except for any supplied in the quenched and tempered condition (ie martensitic stainless grades), which are covered by class h11 Hexagon and square bars are covered by class h11 in sections sizes up to 80mm and class h12 in section sizes over 80mm. Ground finished products are covered by class h9. Out of round (ovality) The standard states that the maximum deviation from “out of round” shall not be more than half the specified tolerance but never above the upper limit of the tolerance. Tolerances on straightness The standard covers covers both stainless and non-stainless steel families. Only the tolerances relating to stainless steels are shown in the following table. Product formNominal dimensionDeviationRounds–1.0Squares and hexagonsup to 751.0over 751.5Flatswidth below 1201.5 on width / 2.0 on thicknesswidth at or over 120 and w/t below 10:12.0 on width / 2.5 on thicknesswidth at and over 120 and w/t at or over 10:12.5 on width / 3.0 on thickness Methods of measurement Except for straightness, EN 10278 does not provide guidance on the measurement of the specified dimensions and how to verify whether or not the tolerance limits have been met. Straightness The standard outlines two methods for measuring straightness. The preferred method involves supporting the bars on a suitable surface to eliminate or minimise sagging. If a 1 metre long straight edge is placed on the bar at any position, then the maximum gap between the bar and straight edge is measured by a suitable means such as inserting feeler gauge. The bar is deemed straight if the gap is less than that shown in the table in the ‘Tolerances on straightness’ section, above.  The standard also describes a dial gauge method as an alternative to the gap measurement method. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Procedure: Electropolishing and Mechanical polishing .  Definition: Stainless steel pipe polishing process is actually the inside or outside surface of the pipe polishing process, using polishing equipment and the friction of pipes surface, to meet the roughness requirement. Type: Stainless steel tube of polishing with internal surface polishing and external polishing; Dry and Wet  Grade: Polishing grade : the outer surface of # 400 , # 600, brushed , Silk hair  Difference between Wet bright and Dry Bright: Grinding resistance: light resistance and abrasive grinding machinery, the rigidity of the workpiece support system , but also with grinding in the grinding temperature, vibration , or a relationship , but also affect the life of grinding tools , grinding the surface of the characters . Grinding temperature: grinding thermal deformation temperature would reduce dimensional accuracy , surface grinding process also affected the metamorphic layer  Application: Mechanical treatment; Mechanical working;Tool,CNG,Automobile engine,Decoration. Electropolishing features: Electro polishing is the use of stainless steel in the electrolyte solution in the selectivity of the anode to achieve the purpose of polishing and cleaning the surface of a surface treatment . Advantages:  1. Greatly improved corrosion resistance . Since electropolishing selective dissolution of the elements , making a solid surface of chromium-rich layer of dense solid transparent membrane , and formation of electric surface , eliminating and reducing micro- cell corrosion .  2. Micro- electrolytic polishead surface is more smooth than the mechanical polishing , reflecting a higher rate . This makes the device non-stick wall , not hanging material , easy to clean surface about a reduction of approximately one wire , to GMP and FDA regulatory requirements .  3. Electrolytic polishing from the workpiece size and shape restrictions. Mechanical polishing on the appropriate implementation of the workpiece can be polished , for example, thin stainless steel tube wall , elbow , bolts , nuts and containers inside and outside the wall .  Electropolishing superior than mechanical polishing :  A. a surface potential conditions;  B. difficult to capture pollutants;  C. surface can form a more solid salt corrosion resistance of the transparent membrane; D. does not produce Beillby layer .  Electrochemical polishing characteristics:  Electrochemical polishing is the use of electrochemical anodic dissolution of metal grinding polishing principle . The electrochemical pre- polishing and fine polishing machine together organically , playing two types of electrochemical polishing expertise and institutions . It is not material hardness and toughness of restrictions , complex shapes can be polished workpiece . The method and electrolytic grinding similar.  Grade(UNS): 304/304L/304H(1.4301/1.4306/1.4948);316/316L(1.4401/1.4404);316Ti(1.4571); 321(1.4541); 309S(1.4833);310S(1.4845); 317L(1.4438);321H(1.4878); 347H(1.4550);2205(1.4462); S32304 (1.4362);S31803,2507,904L, S32760(1.4501);S32101(1.4162) Outside Dia: 6 – 325mm(1/4″ – 12.75″) Wall Thickness: 0.50 – 22mm Standards(Norm): EN 10216-5;DIN 17456;DIN 17458 GB/T14975;T14976;T13296;GB5310; ASTM A213;A269;A312;A511;A789;A790; JIS G3459;G3463; GOST 9940;GOST 9941; Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

The inherent oxidation resistance and elevated temperature strength of stainless steel finds useful application in buildings and structures where fire resistance is very important. The most useful family of stainless steel for these applications is theaustenitic, but the short-term nature of fire means that embrittlement should not be practical issue and so the ferritic andduplex families can also be considered. As materials, stainless steel, do not have an intrinsic ‘fire rating’. Tests to assess fire resistance are done on specific fabrications under precise conditions. This is covered by BS476 parts 20, 21 (load-bearing elements) and 22 (non-load-bearing elements). Design software which automatically calculate the behaviour of loaded stainless steel sections in a fire can be accessed at Stainless Steel in Construction. Fire testing BS 476 covers fire testing on building material and structures. Many of the parts of this standard are not directly relevant to stainless steel.  Parts 4, 6,7, 11, 12, 13, 15 in particular are not appropriate to stainless steel as these deal with tests such as: combustibility (ignitability from flame impingement or thermal irradiance) fire propagation surface spread of flames heat emission at 750°C Stainless steel are not ignitable and will also not assist in the propagation of fires by flame spread. The surface of stainless steel is normally inert and stable in oxidizing conditions, such as those found in most flames and heat sources However to satisfy the requirements of BS476 and similar fire testing standards, tests need to be done on specific fabricated components. Stainless steel, as a material, does not carry a ‘fire rating’. Results of fire testing on stainless steel components Tests done for Stewart Fraser Ltd. on their fire resistant 316 type doors and frames to BS467 part 22 showed that after 60minutes, the temperature on the ‘safe’ side of the door only reached 98°C. (These doors have a 316 frame and contain an insulating non-combustible board filling.) The test was terminated after 2 hours 10minutes with the doors and frames fully in tact. The only damage was due to thermal distortion and some discoloration of the steel on the ‘safe’ side. The fire on the ‘attack’ side was fully contained by the doors for over two hours. Tests done on 1.4362 (2304) type duplex, supplied for testing by Avesta AB 1991, and fabricated into a clad ships bulkhead, also demonstrates the fire resistance of stainless steels. The fabricated bulkhead with a 1.5mm thick 1.4362 corrugated profile skin and ceramic wool insulating filler performed satisfactorily under a simulated hydrocarbon fuel fire. The ‘attack’ temperature reached 1100°C and radiated a bright orange colour after only 15 minutes. Some distortion and attendant insulation smoke were recorded during the tests, but after 40minutes the temperature on the ‘safe’ face was still below 30°C. This surface temperature had risen to around 110°C after 60 minutes. After 120 minutes it was noted that the test unit was continuing to satisfy the criterion (International Maritime Organisation ResolutionA517 (XIII)) for resistance to smoke and hot gases penetration. Manufacturers of products and components for fire resisting applications should be consulted at an early stage to avoid costly design changes at a later stage. Heat resisting properties of stainless steel Most stainless steel grades that would be considered for building applications ie the 304 (1.4301) and 316 (1.4401) types have useful, long-term oxidation resistance at temperatures over 800°C and do not begin to melt until temperatures of over 1375°C are reached. It is unlikely that uniform, sustained high temperatures like these would be reached in short term ‘transient’ fire conditions. The short term tensile strength, elastic (Young’s) modulus and physical properties of thermal expansion and conductivity are of interest in assessing stainless steels for fire resistance. The 304 and 316 austenitic types loose strength to about 55% of their ambient temperature levels at 700°C, the 0.2% proof strengths being around 225 to 308 Mpa (N/mm2) at ambient to 95 to 131 Mpa (N/mm2) at 700°C. The modulus, typically around 200KN/mm2 at ambient temperatures, falls to around 144 KN/mm2 at 700 °C for type 304. This is significantly different from carbon steels, where the modulus at 800 °C can be as low as only 9% of the ambient value. The higher thermal expansion rates for the austenitic stainless steels means that physical distortion can be a problem in transient fire conditions where thermal gradients are likely to be large. The thermal conductivity of the austenitic family is lower than ferritics and although this may be useful in containing heat flow through a structure, it may contribute to thermal distortion. Allowances for distortion and seizing of items like fire doors should be considered. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Stainless Steel Tube‘s Surface roughness —also known as surface profile Ra—is a measurement of surface finish — it is topography at a scale that might be considered “texture” on the surface. Surface roughness is a quantitative calculation of the relative roughness of a linear profile or area, expressed as a single numeric parameter (Ra). Stainless Steel Tube’s Surface roughness is the measure if the finer surface irregularities in the surface texture. These are the result of the manufacturing process employed to create the surface. Stainless Steel Tube’s Surface roughness Ra is rated as the arithmetic average deviation of the surface valleys and peaks expressed in micro inches or micro meters. ISO standard use the term CLA (Center Line Average). Both are interpreted identical. Ra micro-meters Ra micro-inches RMS CLA (N) Rt N Cut-Off Length in. mm 0.025 1 1.1 1 0.3 1 0.003 0.08 0.05 2 2.2 2 0.5 2 0.01 0.25 0.1 4 4.4 4 0.8 3 0.01 0.25 0.2 8 8.8 8 1.2 4 0.01 0.25 0.4 16 17.6 16 2.0 5 0.01 0.25 0.8 32 32.5 32 4.0 6 0.03 0.8 1.6 63 64.3 63 8.0 7 0.03 0.8 3.2 125 137.5 125 13 8 0.1 2.5 6.3 250 275 250 25 9 0.1 2.5 12.5 500 550 500 50 10 0.1 2.5 25.0 1000 1100 1000 100 11 0.3 8.0 50.0 2000 2200 2000 200 12 0.3 8.0 Conversions (math): CLA (micro inches) = Multiply Ra(µm) x 40 RMS * (acceptable 1.1 – 1.7 factor) = Multi ply CLA x 1.1 Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)