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317 stainless steel, also known as UNS S31700 and Grade 317, is primarily comprised of 18% to 20% chromium and 11% to 15% nickel along with trace amounts of carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon and balanced with iron. UNS S31700/S31703 commonly known as 317/317L Stainless Steel is the low carbon content version of Stainless Steel 317 for welded structures. Features and advantages of both 317 Stainless Steel and 317L Stainless Steel include increased strength, corrosion resistance (including crevice and pitting), higher tensile strength and a higher stress-to-rupture ratio. Both grades resist pitting in acetic and phosphoric acids. With respect to cold working of 317 Stainless Steel and 317L Stainless Steel, stamping, shearing, drawing and heading can all be successfully performed. In addition, annealing can be performed on both grades between 1850 F and 2050 F, followed by rapid cooling. Furthermore, all common hot working methods are possible with 317 Stainless Steel and 317L Stainless Steel, between 2100 F and 2300 F. Industries that use 317 Stainless Steel and 317L Stainless Steel include: Chemical Food processing Petrochemical Pharmaceutical Power generation Pulp and Paper Products partially or completely constructed of 317 Stainless Steel and 317L Stainless Steel include: Stainless Steel Flanges Boilers Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Heat exchangers Outlet and inlet ductwork Stainless Steel Pipes Piping systems Pressure vessels Slurry tanks Stack liners Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel ValvesSTOCKING DIAMETERS1/4 TO 10MATERIAL LENGTHSUP TO 24 Stainless Steel Bars SPECIFICATIONSUNSTYPEAMSASTMFEDERALCHARACTERISTICSS31700317–A-276 A-314QQ-S-763317 contains a higher alloy content improving basic advantages of 316. Stainless Steel Bars CHEMISTRY ANALYSISCMNPSSICRNIMOCUOTHERM/NM.082..045.031..18-20.11.-15.3.-4. NM Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

At first glance, it appears that type 304/304L Stainless Steel is very similar to type 321 Stainless Steel. Comparing the chemical composition of of 321 Stainless Steel and 304/304L Stainless Steel, it is clear that the chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) ranges of these alloys are very similar. The difference appears when the Stainless Steel using of “carbide precipitation” in the “heat-affected zone (HAZ)” is discued Stainless Steel or fatigue strength and temperature have to be considered. Fatigue strength In dynamic applications, fatigue strength is also important to consider. And in this respect 321 Stainless Steel has a slight advantage over 304 Stainless Steel. Fatigue or endurance limits (strength in bending) of austenitic stainleStainless Steel steels in the annealed condition are about one-half the tensile strength.Typical tensile and endurance limits for these alloys (annealed) are presented in the table below:AlloyTypical TensileTypical Endurance Limit304L68 ksi 34 ksi30470 ksi 35 ksi32176 ksi 38 ksi Carbide precipitation The weld areas with temperatures 930°F – 1470°F are often called carbide precipitation zone – in which Chromium (Cr) combines with Carbon (C) and precipitates chromium carbides at the grain boundaries significantly reducing corrosion resistance of steel in this zone. One of the ways to combat this phenomenon is to lower the carbon content in steel to decrease the carbide precipitation – 304L Stainless Steel is an example of such stainless steel; the “L” in 304L stainless steel is for “Lower carbon” (.030% max vs. .080% max for 304 stainless steel). Even more effective way against carbide precipitation is addition of Titanium (Ti) to the alloy to “stabilize it”. The carbon is more attracted to the Titanium (Ti) and therefore it leaves the chromium alone. To be a true “stabilized” grade the 321 Stainless Steel has to have Titanium (Ti) content at least 5 times of Carbon’s (C). Reduced risk of corrosion in the HAZ is the main advantage of 321. Temperature Factors Tempearture factors could be another factor to consider in some aplications. As we can see in the table below the temperature redaction factors are slightly higher for 321 Stainless Steel than for 304L Stainless Steel at most elevated temperatures:TEMP ° F304L Stainless Steel FACTOR321 Stainless Steel FACTOR 701.001.001500.950.972000.910.952500.880.933000.850.913500.810.894000.780.874500.770.855000.770.836000.760.807000.740.768000.730.689000.680.5910000.630.6511000.580.5912000.530.53 Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

321 Stainless Steel Overview Stainless Steel 321 is a heat resistant, titanium stabilized, austenitic alloy that’s commonly used for service in the 1000°-1600°F temperature range. 321 stainless steel is primarily used in applications that involve continuous and intermittent service temperatures within the carbide precipitation range of 800°-1500°F. Type 321 stainless steel is similar to type 304 stainless steel but with a titanium addition of at least five times the carbon content. This titanium addition reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding and in the 800°-1500°F service conditions. In order to provide optimum resistance to intergranular corrosion and to polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking in service temperatures at 1500°-1650°F an air cool may be used. What are the characteristics of 321 Stainless Steel? Oxidation resistant to 1600°F Stabilized against weld heat affected zone (HAZ) intergranular corrosion Resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking Stainless Steel 321 Chemical Composition, % Cr Ni Mo Cu Ti C MIN 17.0 9.0 – – 5x(C+N) – MAX 19.0 12.0 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.08 Mn Si P S N Fe MIN – 0.25 – – – – MAX 2.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 0.1 Bal What applications might 321 Stainless Steel be used? Aircraft piston engine manifolds and exhaust stacks Stainless Steel Pipes Oil and gas equipment Offshore technology Seawater desalination plants Chemical industry, especially when handling chlorides Flue-gas cleaning Desalination plants and seawater systems Pulp and paper industry Cargo tanks and pipe systems in chemical tankers Firewalls and blast walls on offshore platforms Bridges Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Pressure vessels, reactor tanks, and heat exchangers Rotors, impellers and shafts Stainless Steel Flanges Mechanical Properties Average Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties Temperature, °F Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi .2% Yield Strength, ksi 68 84 38 400 62 20.5 600 62 18 800 62 17 1000 59.5 16.5 1200 45.5 16 1400 27.5 14 Welding Stainless Steel 321 321 Stainless Steel is readily welded by all common methods including submerged arc. Appropriate weld fillers are most often specified as AWS E/ER 347 or E/ER 321. This alloy is generally considered to have comparable weldability to 304 and 304L stainless steel with the main difference being the titanium addition which reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding. 321 Stainless is available in the following forms at wilsonpipeline Stainless Steel Elbows Stainless Steel Tees Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel Pipes Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Stainless Steel U Tubes Stainless Steel Concentric Reducer Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

321 stainless steel, also known as UNS S32100 and Grade 321, is primarily comprised of 17% to 19% chromium, 12% nickel, .25% to 1% silicon, 2% maximum manganese, traces of phosphorus and sulfur, 5 x (c + n) .70% titanium, with the balance being iron. With regards to corrosion resistance, 321 Stainless Steel is equivalent to Grade 304 in the annealed condition and is superior if the application involves service in the 797° to 1652° F range. 321 Stainless Steel combines high strength, resistance to scaling and phase stability with resistance to subsequent aqueous corrosion. Industries that use 321 Stainless Steel include: Chemical Food processing Petrochemical Pharmaceutical Power generation Pulp and Paper Products partially or completely constructed of 321 Stainless Steel include: Expansion joints Furnace components High temperature chemical process equipment Refinery equipment Superheater and afterburner parts Thermal oxidizers Welded equipment Stainless Steel Flanges Boilers Aircraft exhaust stacks Aircraft piston engine manifolds Chemical processing equipment Compensators and expansion bellows Stainless Steel Tubes Jet engine parts Manifolds Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Heat exchangers Outlet and inlet ductwork Stainless Steel Pipes Piping systems Pressure vessels Slurry tanks Stack liners Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel Valves STOCKING DIAMETERS½” TO 24”MATERIAL LENGTHSUP TO 12’ BAR SPECIFICATIONSUNSTYPEAMSASTMFEDERALCHARACTERISTICSS32100321 Stainless Steel5645A-276 A-314 A-479QQ-S-763321 Stainless Steel is a titanium stabilized 300Grade to permit use in approximately 800° F to approximately 1500° F range, without harmful carbide precipitation. 321 Stainless Steel is subject to intergranular corrosion. CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CMNPSSICRNIMOCUOTHERM/NM.082..045.031.17. – 19.9. – 12..5.5Ti 5xC Min.NM Types 321 (S32100) is stabilized stainless steel which offer as their main advantage an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion following exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range from 800 to 1500°F. Type 321 stainless steel is stabilized against chromium carbide formation by the addition of titanium. Type 347 is stabilized by the addition of columbium and tantalum. While Types 321 stainless steel continues to be employed for prolonged service in the 800 to 1500°F temperature range, Type 304L has supplanted these stabilized grades for applications involving only welding or short time heating. Types 321 stainless steel is also advantageous for high temperature service because of their good mechanical properties. Types 321 and 347 stainless steels offer higher creep and stress rupture properties than Type 304 and, particularly, Type 304L which might also be considered for exposures where sensitization and intergranular corrosion are concerns. This results in higher elevated temperature allowable stresses for these stabilized alloys for ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications. The Types 321 stainless steel has maximum use temperatures of 1500°F for code applications like Type 304, whereas T304L is limited to 800°F. Applications for Types 321 stainless steel includes those for welded construction and parts subjected to heating in the carbide precipitation range, aircraft collector rings, aircraft exhaust stacks, boiler casings, cabin heaters, stainless steel tubes, exhaust manifolds, fasteners, fire walls, flash boilers, flexible couplings, furnace heating elements, jet engine parts, large mufflers for stationary diesel engines, pressure vessels, stack liners, all-welded tank car for carrying chemicals, annealing box inner covers, collector rings, expansion joints, heat resistors, heavy wall welded equipment, welded tanks for storing organic chemicals, wire cloth and screens (industrial). Types 321 stainless steel offers similar resistance to general, overall corrosion as the unstabilized chromium nickel Type 304 stainless steel. Heating for long periods of time in the chromium carbide precipitation range may affect the general resistance of Types 321 stainless steel in severe corrosive media. 321 Stainless Steel is available in the following forms at wilsonpipeline Stainless Steel Elbows Stainless Steel Angle Bars Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Stainless Steel U Tubes Stainless Steel Concentric Reducer Stainless Steel Pipes Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

321 Stainless Steel is a titanium stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with good strength and excellent corrosion resistance, as supplied in the annealed condition with a typical brinell hardness of 175. Characterised by high corrosion resistance in general atmospheric corrosive environments it exhibits excellent resistance to most oxidizing agents, general foodstuffs, sterilizing solutions, dyestuffs, most organic chemicals plus a wide variety of inorganic chemicals, also hot petroleum gases, steam combustion gases, nitric acid, and to a lesser extent sulphuric acid. It displays good oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and has excellent weldability. 321 Stainless Steel cannot be hardened by thermal treatment, but strength and hardness can be increased substantially by cold working, with subsequent reduction in ductility. Used extensively for applications where the addition of titanium and its stabilizing effect as a carbide forming element allows it to be welded and/or used within the carbide precipitation range 430oC – 870oC without the risk of intergranular corrosion. These includeStainless Steel Flanges, Aircraft piston engine manifolds and exhaust stacks, Stainless Steel Pipes, Oil and gas equipment, Offshore technology, Seawater desalination plants, Chemical industry, especially when handling chlorides, Flue-gas cleaning, Desalination plants and seawater systems, Pulp and paper industry, Cargo tanks and pipe systems in chemical tankers, Firewalls and blast walls on offshore platforms, Bridges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Pressure vessels, reactor tanks, and heat exchangers, Rotors, impellers and shafts etc. Material non magnetic in the annealed condition, but can become mildly magnetic following heavy cold working. Annealing is required to rectify if necessary. N.B. Optimum corrosion resistance is achieved in the annealed condition.Related Specifications AustraliaAS 2837-1986-321GermanyW.Nr 1.4541 X6CrNiTi18 10Great BritainBS970 Part 3 1991 321S31 BS970 – 1955 EN58B/EN58CJapanJIS G4303 SuS 321USAASTM A276-98b 321 SAE 30321 AISI 321 UNS S32100Chemical CompositionMin. %Max %Carbon00.08Silicon01.00Manganese02.00Nickel9.0012.00Chromium17.0019.00Titanium5 x Carbon0.80Phosphorous00.045Sulphur00.03Elevated Temperature Properties321 Stainless Steel displays good oxidation resistance in continuous service up to 930oC, and in intermittent service up to 870oC. It can also be used within the carbide precipitation range 430oC – 870oC without the risk of intergranular corrosion. Mechanical properties are reduced as temperature increases.Typical Mechanical Properties – Annealed at Elevated TemperaturesTemperature oC20430550650760870Short – Time Tensile TestsTensile Strength Mpa580425365310205140Yield Strength Mpa24017015013510570Elongation in 50mm %603835323340Creep TestsStress for 1% Creep in 10,000 Hours Mpa1155014Hot Working 321 Stainless is available in the following forms at wilsonpipeline Stainless Steel Elbows Stainless Steel Angle Bars Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Stainless Steel U Tubes Stainless Steel Concentric Reducer Stainless Steel Pipes Notes on Carbide Precipitation and the Stabilizing Action of Titanium Stainless steels during annealing are heated to fairly high temperatures, typically 1050oC – 1100oC to ensure that all chromium carbides present are dissolved and all of the chromium is taken into solution in the austenite. The steel is then quench-annealed as rapidly as possible generally in clean water, but thin sections (pipe etc.) can be air cooled, this being necessary to suppress any re-formation of chromium carbide which would occur if the material was allowed to slow cool in the furnace etc. as with standard annealing procedures.The resultant austenitic structure at room temperature has optimum corrosion resistance containing as it does all of the chromium in solution. If subsequently used in service at room temperature while some slight precipitation of chromium carbide can occur over an extended period this will generally have little affect on corrosion resistance. This situation changes drastically when heat is applied either in service, or during welding, especially when heating through the range 430oC – 850oC, then the carbon and chromium atoms will move (precipitate) coming together to form chromium carbide (Cr23C6), depleting the structure of chromium and its corrosion resistance. To overcome this problem, two methods have been adopted: 1) Use a low carbon grade – 304L Stainless Steel or 316L Stainless Steel etc. 2) Use a titanium stabilized grade – 321 Stainless Steel etc. Low carbon grades have insufficient carbon to deplete the chromium content generally throughout the structure, However local depletion within the weld area can still be a problem leading to some intergranular corrosion if later exposed to severe corrosive conditions. Titanium acts as a stabilizer because the carbon has more affinity to it than it has to the chromium, thus titanium carbide is formed instead and the chromium is unaffected giving the material optimum corrosion resistance. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Technical Information for 321 stainless steel Alloy UNS Number SAE Number  321 Stainless Steel  S32100  30321 GENERAL PROPERTIES While Type 321 stainless steel continues to be employed for prolonged service in th4e 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C) temperature range, Type 304L has supplanted this stabilized grade for applications involving only welding or short time heating. Type 321 stainless steel s also advantageous for high temperature service because of its good mechanical properties. Type 321 stainless steel offers higher creep and stress rupture properties than Type 304 and, particularly, Type 304L which might also be considered for exposures where sensitization and intergranular corrosion are concerns. This results in higher elevated temperature allowable stresses for this stabilized alloy for ASME Boiler and pressure Vessel Code applications. The Type 321 stainless steel has a maximum use temperature of 1500°F (816° C) for code applications like Type 304, whereas Type 304L is limited to 800° F (426° C). RESISTANCE TO CORROSION Intergranular Corrosion Type 321 stainless steel has been developed for applications where the unstabilized chromium-nickel steels, such as Type 304 would be susceptible to intergranular corrosion. When the unstabilized chromium-nickel steels are held in or slowly cooled through the range of 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C), chromium carbide is precipitated at the grain boundaries. In the presence of certain strongly corrosive media, these grain boundaries are preferentially attached, a general weakening of the metal results, and a complete disintegration may occur. Organic media or weakly corrosive aqueous agents, mil and other dairy products, or atmospheric conditions rarely produce intergranular corrosion even when large amounts of precipitated carbides are present. When thin gauge material is welded the time in the temperature range of 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C) is so short that with most corroding media the unstabilized type material is generally satisfactory. The extent to which carbide precipitation may be harmful depends upon the length of time the alloy was exposed to 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C) and upon the corrosive environment. Even the longer heating times involved in welding heavy gauges are not harmful to the unstabilized “L” grade alloys where the carbon content is kept to low amounts of 0.03% or less. In general, Type 321 stainless steel is used for heavy welded equipment which is operated between 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C) or slowly cooled through this range. Experience gained in a wide range of service conditions has provided sufficient data to generally predict the possibility of intergranular attach in most applications. Please review the comments under the HEAT TREATMENT section. Stress Corrosion Cracking The Type 321 austenitic stainless steel is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in halides similar to Type 304 stainless steel. This results because of their similarity in nickel content. Conditions which cause SCC are: (1) presence of halide ion (generally chloride), (2) residual tensile stresses, and (3) environmental temperatures in excess of about 120° F (49° C). Stresses may result from cold deformation during forming operations, or from thermal cycles encountered during welding operations. Stress levels may be reduced by annealing or stress-relieving heat treatments following cold deformation. Type 321 stainless steel is a good choice for service in the stress-relieved condition in environments which might otherwise cause intergranular corrosion for unstabilized alloys. Type 321 stainless steel is particularly useful under conditions which cause polythionic acid stress corrosion of non-stabilized austenitic stainless steels such as Type 304. Exposure of non-stabilized austenitic stainless steel to temperatures in the sensitizing range will cause the precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. On cooling to room temperature in a sulfide-containing environment, the sulfide (often hydrogen sulfide) reacts with moisture and oxygen to form polythionic acids which attach the sensitized grain boundaries. Under conditions of stress, intergranular cracks form. Polythionic acid SCC has occurred n oil refinery environments where sulfides are common. The stabilized Type 321 alloy offers a solution to polythionic acids SCC by resisting sensitization during elevated temperature service. For optimum resistance, these alloys should be used in the thermally stabilized condition if service related conditions may result in sensitization. Pitting/Crevice Corrosion The resistance of the stabilized Type 321 stainless steel to pitting and crevice corrosion in the presence of chloride ion is similar to that of Type 304 stainless steelsor Type 304L stainless steels because of similar chromium content. Generally, 100 ppm chloride in aqueous environments is considered to be the limit for both the unstabilized and the stabilized alloys, particularly if crevices are present. Higher levels of chloride ion might cause crevice corrosion and pitting. For more severe conditions of higher chloride level, lower pH and/or higher temperature, alloys with molybdenum, such as Type 316, should be considered. The stabilized Type 321 alloy passes the 100 hour, 5% neutral salt spray test (ASTM-B-117) with no rusting or staining of samples. However, exposure of these alloys to salt mists from the ocean would be expected to cause pitting and crevice corrosion accompanied by severe discoloration. The Type 321 alloy is not recommended for exposure to marine environments. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Melting Point Density Specific Gravity Modulus of Elasticity in Tension  2550-2635° F 1398-1446° C  .286 lb/in³ 7.92 g/cm³  7.92  28 X 106 psi 193 Gpa MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Alloy Temper Tensile Strength Minimum  (psi) Yield Strength Minimum 0.2% offset  (psi) % Elongation in 2″ Minimum Notes321 stainless steelAnnealed75,00030,00040 %– All values specified are approximate minimums unless otherwise specified. Values are derived from the applicable AMS and ASTM specifications. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Alloy C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu N Other321 stainless steel.082.00.045.030.7517.00-19.009.00-12.00.75.75.10Ti=5x(C+N) min to .70 max All values are maximum values unless otherwise specified. Values are derived from applicable AMS and ASTM specifications. 321 stainless steel is Used extensively for applications where the addition of titanium and its stabilizing effect as a carbide forming element allows it to be welded and/or used within the carbide precipitation range 430oC – 870oC without the risk of intergranular corrosion. These include Stainless Steel Flanges, Aircraft piston engine manifolds and exhaust stacks, Stainless Steel Pipes, Oil and gas equipment, Offshore technology, Seawater desalination plants, Chemical industry, especially when handling chlorides, Flue-gas cleaning, Desalination plants and seawater systems, Pulp and paper industry, Cargo tanks and pipe systems in chemical tankers, Stainless Steel Angle Bars, Stainless Steel Bars, Firewalls and blast walls on offshore platforms, Stainless Steel Tubes, Bridges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Pressure vessels, reactor tanks, and heat exchangers, Rotors, impellers and shafts etc. WELDING Austenitic stainless steels are considered to be the most weldable of the high-alloy steels and can be welded by all fusion and resistance welding processes. Two important considerations in producing weld joints in the austenitic stainless steels are: (1) preservation of corrosion resistance and (2) avoidance of cracking. It is important to maintain the level of stabilizing element present in Type 321 stainless steel during welding. Type 321 stainless steel is more prone to loss of titanium. Care needs to be exercised to avoid pickup of carbon from oils and other sources and nitrogen from air. Weld practices which include attention to cleanliness and good inert gas shielding are recommended for these stabilized grades as well as other non-stabilized austenitic alloys. Weld metal with a fully austenitic structure is more susceptible to cracking during the welding operation. For this reason, Type 321 stainless steel is designed to resolidify with a small amount of ferrite to minimize cracking susceptibility. Columbium stabilized stainless steels are more prone to hot cracking than titanium stabilized stainless steels. Matching filler metals are available for welding Type 321 stainless steel stabilized stainless steel. Stabilized alloys may be joined to other stainless steels or carbon steels. HEAT TREATMENT The annealing temperature range for Type 321 stainless steel is 1800 to 2000° F (928 to 1093° C). While the primary purpose of annealing is to obtain softness and high ductility, this steel may also be stress relief annealed within the carbide precipitation range 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C), without any danger of subsequent intergranular corrosion. Relieving strains be annealing for only a few hours in the 800 to 1500°F (427 to 816° C) range will not cause any noticeable lowering in the general corrosion resistance, although prolonged heating within this range does tend to lower the general corrosion resistance to some extent. As emphasized, however, annealing in the 800 to 1500° F (427 to 816° C) temperature range does not result in a susceptibility to intergranular attack. For maximum ductility, the higher annealing range of 1800 to 2000° F (928 to 1093° C) is recommended. When fabrication chromium-nickel stainless steel into equipment requiring the maximum protection against carbide precipitation obtainable through use of a stabilized grade, it is essential to recognize that there is a difference between the stabilizing ability of columbium and titanium. For these reasons the degree of stabilization and of resulting protection may be less pronounced when Type 321 stainless steel is employed. When maximum corrosion resistance is called for, it may be necessary with Type 321 stainless steel to employ a corrective remedy which is known as a stabilizing anneal. It consists of heating to 1550 to 1650° F (843 to 899° C) for up to 5 hours depending on thickness. This range is above that within which chromium carbides are formed and is sufficiently high to cause dissociation and solution of any that may have been previously developed. Furthermore, it is the temperature at which titanium combines with carbon to form harmless titanium carbides. The result is that the chromium is restored to solid solution and carbon is forced into combination with titanium as harmless carbides. When heat treatments are done in an oxidizing atmosphere the oxide should be removed after annealing in a descaling solution such as a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. These acids should be thoroughly rinsed off the surface after cleaning. Applications 321 Stainless is available in the following forms at wilsonpipeline Stainless Steel Elbows Stainless Steel Angle Bars Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Stainless Steel U Tubes Stainless Steel Concentric Reducer Stainless Steel Pipes Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Availability – Type 321 Stainless Steel Seamless Stainless Steel Pipes 1/2″ – 8″ Stainless Steel Tubes 1/2″ – 8″ Weld Stainless Steel Pipes 1/2″ – 12″ Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings 1/2″ – 12″ Stainless Steel Flanges 1/2″ – 12″CHEMICAL ANALYSISCCarbon .08 maxMnManganese 2.00 maxPPhosphorus 0.045 max*SSulfur 0.30 maxSiSilicon 1.00 maxCrChromium 17.00 – 19.00NiNickel 9.00 – 12.00NNitrogen .10 maxTiTitanium 5 x (C + N) min *lower levels appropriate for low-heat applications GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 321 Type 321 Stainless Steel is an austenitic stainless steel stabilized by additions of titanium to reduce or prevent carbide precipitation during welding and in service at 800 – 1650 º F (430 – 900 º C.) The titanium addition also improves high temperature properties. The grade has good resistance to corrosion and oxidation and good creep strength. Type 321 is good for applications at temperatures where carbide precipitation occurs in non – stabilized grades. Type 321 stainless steel is a titanium – stabilized austenitic stainless steel that finds applications in a wide range of corrosive environments. It is particularly suited to applications where intermittent heating between 800 and 1650 º F (430 to 900 º C) is required. FORGING TYPE 321 STAINLESS STEEL Type 321 Stainless Steel has good inherent forgeability, but its differences from carbon and alloy steels must be taken into account. Type 321 has higher hot strength than carbon, alloy, even martensitic stainless steels, hence much higher forging pressures or more hammer blows are required to forge it – and other austenitic stainless steels. In fact two or three times as much energy is required to forge 300 series stainless steels as is required for carbon and alloy steels. Type 321 Stainless Steel is forged between 2300 º F and 1700 º F (1260 º C and 930 º C,) and air cooled, but to be more specific, a forging temperature coincident with forging conditions might be specified, as follows:Severe reductions (ingot breakdown, roll forging, drawing, blocking, and backward extrusion)2300 (1260)Moderate reductions (finish forging and upsetting)2200 (1200)Slight reductions (coining, restriking and end upsetting)2050 (1120) APPLICATIONS Airplane exhaust manifolds Pump Shafts Mechanical Seals Heat Exchangers Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Ball Valves Stainless Steel Pipes Boiler shells Process equipment Expansion joints Cabin heaters Fire walls Flexible couplings Pressure vessels Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) HEAT TREATMENT Type 321 stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment, in fact the only heat treat operation that is performed on it is that of annealing, at around 1950 º F (1065 ºC,) followed by a water quench. This treatment gives maximum corrosion resistance for type 321 forgings. MACHINABILITY Type 321 Stainless Steel, like all austenitic stainless steels, machines to give tough, stringy chips. Chip breakers are recommended and since the alloy has a rapid work hardening rate, positive feeds are recommended. WELDABILITY Type 321 Stainless Steel may be welded by shielded fusion and resistance welding operations. Austenitic stainless steel welds do not harden on cooling, hence the welds will show good toughness. Oxyacetylene welding is not recommended due to the possibility of carbon pick up in the weld area. The alloy can be welded without loss of corrosion resistance due to carbide precipitation and the steel can be used in the as-welded condition. For use at elevated temperatures however, a postweld stabilizing heat treatment at 1550 – 1650 º F (840 – 900 º C) is recommended. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

321 Stainless Steel is a standard austenitic 18/8 stainless steel grade, (304), but stabilized by Titanium. The titanium within means the stainless steel is intergranular corrosion resistant after heating, (between 425-900 degrees Celsius). Remarkably high strength as well as scaling resistance and phase stability set 321 Stainless Steel apart from other similar grades. This grade is not, however, recommended for welding consumable, as the titanium component does not allow good transfer of heat across a high temperature arc. Chemistry CrNiMoCuTiCMnSiPSNFeMIN17.09.0––5x(C+N)––0.25––––MAX19.012.00.750.750.70.082.01.00.040.030.1Balance Specifications AMS 5510, AMS 5645 ASME SA 240, ASME SA 312, ASME SA 479 ASTM A 240, ASTM A 276, ASTM A 276 Condition A, ASTM A 276 Condition S, ASTM A 312, ASTM A 479 EN 1.4541 GE B50T1181, GE B50T12, GE B50T81 QQS 763, QQS 766d UNS S32100 Werkstoff 1.4541 Inventory 321 Stainless Steel Bars, 321 Stainless Steel Angle Bars, 321 Stainless Steel Flanges, 321 Stainless Steel Tubes & 321 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Common Trade Names 321, 321 Stainless Steel, Alloy 321 Features Oxidation resistant to 1600°F Stabilized against weld heat affected zone (HAZ) intergranular corrosion Resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking Applications Aircraft piston engine manifolds Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Ball Valves Thermal oxidizers Refinery equipment Stainless Steel tubes Expansion joints High temperature chemical process equipment Physical Properties Density: 0.286 lb/inch3  Melting Point: 2550 – 2600°FTemperature, °F2004008001000120014001600Coefficient* of Thermal Expansion, in/in°F x 10-69.39.410.010.310.610.911.1Thermal Conductivity Btu • ft/ft2 • hr • °F8.89.711.412.1–––Modulus of Elasticity, Dynamic psi x 10628.026.523.822.521.219.7– Mechanical Properties Average Elevated Temperature Tensile PropertiesTemperature, °F68400600800100012001400Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi8462626259.545.527.50.2% Yield Strength, ksi3820.5181716.51614 Average Stress for RuptureTemperature, °F10501100115012001250130013501400145015001,000 hours, ksi–30–19–11.2–6.8–4.010,000 hours, ksi3123.517.312.99.77.25.44.03.052.3100,000 hours, ksi2316.5128.76.34.63.32.451.751.27 Average Stress for Secondary (minimum) Creep RateTemperature, °F10501100115012001250130013501400145015001% in 1,000 hours, ksi302013.18.85.83.852.551.71.130.751% 100,000 hours, ksi13.69.25.93.92.551.71.10.740.480.32 Electrical ResistivityTemperature, °F68212392752111214721652ohm circ mil/ft430470515600670725760 * 70°F to indicated temperature. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Type 321 Stainless Steel is a chromium-nickel stainless steel and with the addition of titanium, type 321 Stainless Steel is resistant to intergranular corrosion. Type 321 Stainless Steel’s general corrosion is less than Type 302Stainless Steel.  Type 321 Stainless Steel is used where resistance to intergranular corrosion is required and where the parts are subjected to sustained heating or cooling within the range of 800 to 1500ºF. Type 321 Stainless Steel is commonly used in applications such as exhaust stacks, manifolds and ring collectors. Typical Mechanical PropertiesMaterialConditionTensile Strength (ksi)Yield Strength (ksi) % ElongationHardness HBStainless Steel 321 AMS 5510AMS 5510 Sheet (Sol Trtd)70-1002540–Stainless Steel 321 AMS 5645AMS 5645 Bar (Sol Trtd)–––255 max Availability Type 321 Stainless Steel is available in Stainless Steel Bars (Round, Hex, Flat, Square), Stainless Steel Tubes and Pipes Stock. 321 Foil (Shim) is available in various thicknesses. Specifications QQ-S-766 ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 ASTM A167 / ASME SA167 ASTM A193 Grade B8T CL1 ASTM A276 / ASME SA276 ASTM A314 / ASME SA314 ASTM A320 Grade B8T ASTM A479 / ASME A479 ASTM A484 / ASME SA484 AISI 321 BS 2S129 BS T67 Stainless Steel Tubes BS 970; 321S31 EN58B WS 1.4541 Z10CnNb18-11  UNS S32100 AMS 5557 Welded/seamless Stainless Steel tubes AMS 5559 Welded / thin wall Stainless Steel tubes AMS 5570 Seamless Stainless Steel tubes AMS 5576 Welded Stainless Steel tubes AMS 5645 Stainless Steel Bars MIL-S-6721 MIL-T-8606 Seamless Stainless Steel tubes MIL-T-8606 Welded Stainless Steel tubes MIL-T-8808 Seamless Stainless Steel tubes MIL-T-8808 Welded Stainless Steel tubes About wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited Established in 2008, wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a professional organizer and one-stop-shop supplier for special steel, duplex steel, duplex stainless steel flanges, super duplex stainless steel flanges, stainless steel flanges, Stainless Steel Pipes, Stainless Steel Barsstainless steel pipe fittings, stainless steel elbow, tee, reducer, flanges, stainless steel gaskets, pipe fittings, steel pipes and stainless steel tubes, Fasteners, Valves, Sanitary Services etc. in China. We have devoted to providing the best solutions of stainless materials and industrial equipment for our respected customers.We supply not only commonly used stainless steel materials(SS304/L,SS316/L,SS321), but also duplex and super duplex steel(UNSS31803,S32750,S32760, etc.), special austenite stainless 310H, 347H, 317L, 904L…wilsonpipeline products are widely used in Shipbuilding,Nuclear power,Marine engineering,Petroleum,Chemical,Mining,Sewage treatment,LNG,LPG,Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries. wilsonpipeline products are according to national standard GB/T12459-90, GB/T13401, U.S. standard ANSI/ASME B16.9, ANSI/ASME B16.5/B16.47, ANSI/ASME B16.11,ANSI/ASME B36.19M/ B36.10M, ASME B16.20,British standard BS,Germany standard DIN,Japan standard JIS… , The purpose-built nonstandard or special use products as per customer’s demand,we will try our best to satisfy it. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Type 321 Stainless Steel is a stabilized austenitic stainless steel similar to Type 304 Stainless Steel but with a titanium addition of at least five times the carbon content. This titanium addition reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding and in 800 – 1500°F service. It also improves the elevated temperature properties of the alloy. Type 321 Stainless Steel provides excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion and possesses good creep strength. It is used primarily in applications involving continuous and intermittent service temperatures within the carbide precipitation range of 800 – 1500°F. Product Forms: Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipes, Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe, Stainless Steel Elbow, Stainless Steel Angle Bars Specifications: ASTM A240 Typical Applications: annealing covers, high-temperature tempering equipment, diesel and heavy duty automotive exhaust systems, firewalls, stack liners, boiler casings, welded pressure vessels, jet aircraft components, radiant super heaters, bellows and oil refinery equipment Chemical Composition: ASTM A240ElementType 321Carbon0.08 max.Manganese2.00 max.Sulfur0.030 max.Phosphorus0.045 max.Silicon0.75 max.Chromium17.00 – 19.00Nickel9.00 – 12.00Titanium5x(C+N) min. – 0.70 max.Nitrogen0.10 max. Mechanical Properties:TypeYield Strength 0.2% offset (KSI)Tensile Strength (KSI)% Elongation (2″ Gauge length)Hardness Rockwell32130 min.75 min.40 min.HRB 95 max. Physical Properties:Density (lb./ in^2) @ RT 0.29Modulus of Elasticity in Tension (psi x 10^6) 28.0Specific Heat (BTU/o F/lb.)32 to 212 oF0.12Thermal Conductivity (BTU/hr/ft^2/ft)212oF9.3 932oF12.8Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (in. x 10^-6 per o F)32 to 212oF9.2 32 to 600oF9.5 32 to 1,000oF10.3 32 to 1,200oF10.7Electrical Resistivity (micro ohms – cm)at 70oF28.4Melting Point Range (oF) 2500 – 2550 APPLICATIONS Ball Valves Stainless Steel Pipes Airplane exhaust manifolds Mechanical Seals Heat Exchangers Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Boiler shells Process equipment Stainless Steel Angle Bars Expansion joints Flexible couplings Pressure vessels Stainless Steel Flanges Cabin heaters Fire walls Processing: Type 321 Stainless Steel is non-hardenable by heat treatment. Annealing: Heat to 1750 – 2050°F, then water quench or air cool. Forming: Type 321 can be readily formed and drawn. Like most austenitic stainless steels, Type 321 Stainless Steel work hardens and may require annealing after severe forming. Welding: This particular alloy is generally considered to have comparable weldability to Types 304 Stainless Steel and 304L Stainless Steel. A major difference is the titanium addition that reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding. When a filler is needed, either AWS E/ER 347 Stainless Steel or E/ER 321 Stainless Steel is most often specified. Corrosion: Type 321 Stainless Steel exhibits excellent resistance to organic chemicals, dyestuffs, and a wide range of inorganic chemicals. It resists nitric acid well and the sulfur acids moderately. Long-time exposure in the 900 -1500°F range may lower its general corrosion resistance, but the grade still shows improved resistance to intergranular corrosion compared to unstabilized grades. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Type 321 Stainless Steel (UNS S32100) is an austenitic stainless steel angle bars that has fives times more titanium than carbon in its content. The increased titanium level aids in preventing carbide precipitation during welding. As a result, Type 321 Stainless Steel is both creep resistant and resistant to oxidation. 321 stainless steel flat rolled coil is generally used in applications that require sustainability to high intermittent temperatures. 321 Stainless Steel Specifications: ASTM A240 for annealed condition ASTM A666 for tempered material*Composition per ASTM A240Carbon.08 MaxManganese2.00 MaxPhosphorus.045 MaxSulfur.030 MaxSilicon.75 MaxChromium17.00 – 19.00Nickel9.00 – 12.00Nitrogen.10 MaxMolybdenum Mechanical Properties (Annealed, Per ASTM A240)UTS75,000 ksi MinElongation % in 2″40.00 MinRockwell Hardness RB95.00 Max * Tempered mechanical properties are available upon request. 321 Stainless Steel Applications: Aerospace Aircraft exhaust manifolds and flanges Jet engine parts Automotive Diesel and heavy duty exhaust systems Heat exchangers Chemical Processing Chemical handling equipment Oil refinery equipment Oil Or Gas Stainless Steel Elbows Stainless Steel Angle Bars Stainless Steel Bars Stainless Steel U Tubes Stainless Steel Concentric Reducer Stainless Steel Pipes Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Stainless Steel Tubes Stainless Steel Flanges (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lapjoints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Magnetic Properties: 321 Stainless Steel Angle Bars is generally non-magnetic. Forming: Type 321 Stainless Steel can be easily formed and drawn, but it may require re-annealing after forming and drawing. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

This grade is a titanium stabilised austenitic stainless steel. The addition of titanium to 321 stainless Steel helps improve its welding properties and the elevated temperature properties of the steel. This stainless steel offers excellent oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. It offers higher creep and stress rupture properties that 304 austenitic stainless steel grade. 321 stainless steel possesses excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion when worked or welded in temperatures with the carbide precipitation range of 427-818°C. We welcome export enquiries for stainless steel. Contact our sales office and consult our shipping policy for further details. Related Specifications 1.4541 BS EN 10088-1 X6CrNiTi18 10 321S31 BS970 ASTM S32100AnalysisCarbon0.08% maxChromium17.00-19.00%Manganese2.00% maxNickel9.00-12.00%Silicon0.75% maxSulphur0.030% maxNitrogen0.10% maxPhosphorous 0.045% max Titanium5x(C+N) min to 0.70% max​Form of Supply wilsonpipeline Stainless Steel is a supplier and manufacturer of Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipes, and Stainless Steel bars. We can guillotine cut pieces to your required sizes. 321 stainless steel round bar is available and diameters can be cut to your requirements. Precision ground Stainless Steel bars can be supplied, providing high quality stainless Steel bars to close tolerances. Applications 321 stainless steel is used widely in industries such as automotive, chemical, construction and aerospace. Typical applications are exhaust systems and manifolds, heat exchangers, bellows, oil refinery equipment, furnace parts and firewalls.Corrosion Resistance Stainless steel 321 grade has similar corrosion resistance to that of 304 austenitic grade. However it is better suited for applications where an unstabilised chromium nickel steel, such as 304, would be susceptible to intergranular corrosion. It offers excellent corrosion resistance in most natural waters (rural and industrial), provided the chloride, salt and concentrations of hydrochloric and organic acids are low.   Welding Stainless steel 321 is readily weldable with most welding procedures. Oxyacetylene welding is not recommended due to possible carbon pick up in the weld area. Due to intergranular carbide precipitation 321 can be welded without loss of corrosion resistance and post weld annealing is not normally required, except for service in more extreme conditions. We recommend you contact your welding consumables supplier who should be able to provide you full assistance and information on welding stainless steel.Forging Heat the 321 stainless steel slowly and uniformly throughout the section to 1150-1250°C. Re heat as necessary and avoid working below 900°C. Cool in air.Scaling Temperature The oxidation resistance of a stainless steel is traditionally termed as the scaling temperature. This is the temperature at which the oxidation rate of a stainless steel becomes unacceptably high. The safe scaling temperature for continuous service of 321 is 875°C. In an oxidising and reducing sulphurous atmosphere the scaling temperature of 321 stainless steel is lowered.Typical Physical Properties Temp ºC Density Kg/m³ Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Modulus  of Elasticity kg/mmElectrical Resistivity Ωmm²/mSpecific Heat Capacity kcalºC207.9017×10-6200000.70.105 Contact wilsonpipeline Steel with your enquiries for stainless steel bars, stainless steel pipes and stainless steel flanges in 321 stainless steel. Source: wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry (www.wilsonpipeline.com)