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The American Petroleum Institute, commonly referred to as API, is the largest U.S trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent about 400 corporations involved in production, refinement, distribution, and many other aspects of the petroleum industry. Standard API Spec 5L, B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70, API Spec 5CT (Oil Pipes), API 5D Drill pipes Grade: E75, X95, G105, S135 Connection:NC26, NC31, NC38, NC40, NC46, NC50, 51/2FH, 6 5/8FH Heavy Weight Drill pipes Size: 3 1/2″, 4 1/2″, 5″, 5 1/2″ Drill Collar Size: 4 3/4″, 6 1/4″, 6 1/2″, 7″, 8″, 9″, 9 1/2″ Slotted liner and composite screen liner Grades: pipes is manufactured under PSL 1 and PSL2 requirements. pipes end: Plain,Threaded, Bevelled Standard OD tolerance WT tolerance API Spec 5L OD＜60.3mm +0.41mm,-0.8mm +15%, -12.5% OD≥60.3mm ±0.75% Special couplings as specified on purchase order. API 5L tubes (pipes) coatings: sepcificatioin GB and DIN standard J55, K55,N80, L80 and P110, PSL 1, PSL 2, API 5L, Grade B, API 5L X42, API 5L X46, API 5L X52, API 5L X56, API 5L X60, API 5L X65, API 5L X70, API 5L X80 API 5CT: There are four steel grades (J55, K55,N80, L80 and P110), two categories (nonupset and external upset) and six sizes (1.9″, 2-3/8″, 2-7/8 “, 3-1/2″, 4″, and 4-1/2″) of tubing. Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Type of End Finish Grade in mm in mm J55 K55 L80 N80 P110 2.375 60.3 0.167 4.24 PN PN PN – 0.190 4.83 PNU PNU PNU PNU 0.254 6.45 – PNU PNU PNU 0.259 7.49 P P P – 0.336 8.53 PU PU PU – 2.875 73.02 0.217 5.51 PNU PNU PNU PNU 0.276 7.01 – PNU PNU PNU 0.308 7.82 – PNU PNU PNU 0.340 8.64 – PU – – 0.392 9.96 – P – – 0.440 11.18 – P – – 3.500 88.9 0.216 5.49 PN PN PN – 0.254 6.45 PUN PUN PUN PUN 0.289 7.34 PN PN PN – 0.375 9.53 – PUN PUN PUN 0.430 10.92 – P – – 0.476 12.00 – P – – 0.530 13.46 – P – – 4.00 101.6 0.226 5.74 PN PN PN PN 0.262 6.65 PN PN PN PN 4.500 114.3 0.271 6.88 – P – – 0.337 8.56 – P – – 0.380 9.65 – P – – 0.430 10.92 – P – – 0.500 12.70 – P – – 0.560 14.22 – P – – 0.630 16.00 – P – – OTCG pipes’ Tolerance on dimensions: API Spec 5L PSL1, PSL2 API 5L Line pipes & ASTM Grades – Tensile Requirement Grade Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength Grade Yield Strength Ultimate Tensile Strength PSL 1 Min Max Min Max PSL 2 Min Max Min Max A25 25 45 A 30 48 B 35 65 60 110 B 35 60 X42 42 72 60 110 X42 42 60 X46 46 76 63 110 X46 46 63 X52 52 77 66 110 X52 52 66 X56 56 79 71 110 X56 56 71 X60 60 82 75 110 X60 60 75 X65 65 87 77 110 X65 65 77 X70 70 90 82 110 X70 70 82 X80 80 100 90 120

Stainless steel grade LDX 2404® is a lean duplex stainless steel containing molybdenum. The new duplex grade LDX 2404® has been designed with a property profile to fill the gap between the existing Duplex steel grades 2304 and 2205. It is also specially designed as a replacement of grade 304/304L in several applications. LDX 2404® steel has high resistance to uniform corrosion, to pitting and crevice corro The following datasheet provides an overview of stainless steel grade LDX 2404®. Chemical Composition Contents [hide] 1 Chemical Composition 2 Mechanical Properties 3 Other Designations 4 Manufacturing Process 5 Applications The chemical composition of stainless steel grade LDX 2404® is outlined in the following table. Element Content (%) Iron, Fe Balance Chromium, Cr 24 Nickel, Ni 3.6 Manganese, Mn 3 Molybdenum, Mo 1.6 Nitrogen, N 0.27 Carbon, C 0.02 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of stainless steel grade LDX 2404® are displayed in the following table. Properties Metric Imperial Tensile strength (cold rolled plate and sheet) 680 MPa 98625 psi Modulus of elasticity (68°F/ 106) 0.19994 GPa 29 ksi Poisson’s ratio 0.3 0.3 Elongation at break (In 2″, 50% cold worked) 25% 25% Other Designations Equivalent material to stainless steel grade LDX 2404® is EN 1.4662. Manufacturing Process Stainless steel grade LDX 2404® can be hot formed in the temperature range 900-1120°C (1652-2048°F), which should be followed by solution annealing to regain the original properties. The mechanical strength of this steel tends to be low at these high temperatures. Welding can be easily performed using traditional methods. Likewise cold forming is also suitable for this steel. To perform heat treatment, LDX 2404® steel should be solution annealed at 1000-1120°C (1832-2048°F). Rapid cooling should be performed after annealing to regain the original properties. Applications The applications of stainless steel grade LDX 2404® are as follows: Energy sector Oil and gas sector Storage tanks Pulp and paper Piping systems Process industry Structural components Boilers and water heaters Architectural applications Water treatment and desalination

Chemical Formula Contents [hide] 1 Chemical Formula 2 Introduction 3 Key Properties 4 Composition 5 Mechanical Properties 6 Physical Properties 7 Grade Specification Comparison 8 Possible Alternative Grades 9 Corrosion Resistance 10 Heat Resistance 11 Heat Treatment 12 Welding 13 Machining 14 Finishes 15 Applications Fe, <0.3% C, 10.5-12.5% Cr, 0.3-1.0% Ni, <1.5% Mn, <1.0% Si, <0.4% P, <0.15% S, <0.03% N Introduction Grade 3CR12 stainless steel is a low-cost grade chromium, containing stainless steel fabricated by modifying the properties of grade 409 steel. It resists mild corrosion and wet abrasion. It was originally developed by Columbus Stainless, which designated the registered trademark “3CR12”. Other designations of this grade include UNS S40977/S41003 and 1.4003. Other designations that are equivalent to grade 3CR12 include ASME SA240 grades, ASTM A240/A240M grades and EN 10088.2. However, grade 1.4003 is also covered in EN 10028.7, which constitutes pressure-purpose stainless steels. Key Properties The following section will provide the key properties of grade 3CR12 stainless steel coil, sheet and plate, covered under Euronorm S41003, S40977, ASTM A240/A240M and EN 10088.2 1.4003. Composition The chemical compositions of various elements of grade 3CR12 stainless steels are tabulated below: Table 1. Chemical composition of grade 3CR12 stainless steels Grade C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N 1.4003 min. – – – – – 10.50 – 0.30 – S40977 max. 0.030 1.50 1.00 0.040 0.015 12.50 – 1.00 0.030 S41003 min. max. – 0.03 – 1.50 – 1.00 – 0.040 – 0.030 10.5 12.5 – – – 1.50 – 0.030 Mechanical Properties Given below are the mechanical properties of grade 3CR12 stainless steels: Table 3. Mechanical properties of grade 3CR12 stainless steels Grade Tensile Strength (MPa) min Yield Strength 0.2% Proof Stress (MPa) min Elongation (% in 50mm) min Hardness Rockwell (HR) max Brinell (HB) max 1.4003 450 650 280 (long.) 320 (trans.) 20 – – S40977 455 280 18 HR B88 180 S41003 455 275 18 HR C20 223 Physical Properties The following table outlines the physical properties of grade 3CR12 stainless steels: Table 4. Physical properties of grade 3CR12 stainless steels Grade Density (kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (µm/m/°C) Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) Specific Heat 0-100°C (J/kg.K) Electrical Resistivity (nÙ.m) 0-100°C 0-300°C 0-700°C at 100°C at 500°C 3CR12 7740 200 10.8 11.3 12.5 30.5 31.5 480 570 Grade Specification Comparison Grade specifications for 3CR12 stainless steels are given in the following table: Table 4. Grade comparisons for 3CR12 grade stainless steels Grade UNS No Old British Euronorm Swedish SS Japanese JIS BS En No Name 3CR12 S40977 – – 1.4003 X2CrNi12 – – Given above are only approximate comparisons. The table is prepared to provide a comparison of materials that are functionally similar to each other, and the specifications are not legitimate. Original specifications can be verified if exact equivalents are required. Possible Alternative Grades Suitable alternatives to grade 3CR12 stainless steels are listed in the table below: Table 5. Possible alternative grades to 3CR12 grade stainless steels Grade Why it might be chosen instead of 3CR12 304 Excellent fabrication properties and corrosion resistance. 430 Excellent resistance to corrosion and good appearance. It does not require welding. Galvanized steel Inexpensive, fair corrosion resistance and fabrication properties. Weathering steel Inexpensive, acceptable fabrication properties and corrosion resistance. Corrosion Resistance Grade 3CR12 stainless steels can be employed in applications for which aluminium, galvanized or carbon steels provide undesirable results, owing to its resistance to strong acids and alkalis, and cracking resulted from chloride stress corrosion. However, unlike grade 304, grade 3CR12 has minimal resistance to crevice and pitting corrosion in the presence of chloride. Under ambient conditions, grade 3CR12 has improved resistance to water and chloride substances, as the corrosivity of chloride contents will be mitigated by the nitrate and sulphate ions. One of the major drawbacks of grade 3CR12 is that the surface of the material is subjected to mild corrosion when exposed to any type of environment. It is due to this reason the material is limited to decorative applications. Heat Resistance Grade 3CR12 stainless steels exhibit scaling resistance between 600 and 750°C in the presence of air, and between 450 and 600°C under stress environments. The material tends to become fragile upon prolonged exposure to temperatures between 450 and 550°C. However, the material does not lose its impact resistance at this temperature range. Heat Treatment Grade 3CR12 stainless steels are annealed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 750°C, divided into 25 mm section, and each section is soaked for 1½ h. The material is then allowed to cool. Care should be taken to prevent hardening during heat treatment. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance characteristics of this grade can be affected by quenching treatments. Once the material is annealed, processes such as pickling and passivating are performed. Welding Welding methods used for austenitic stainless steels can be applied to grade 3CR12 stainless steels. Low heat input techniques, such as GMAW (MIG) and GTAW (TIG), can be considered. During welding, grade 309 filler wire, pre-qualified by AS 1554.6, is preferred. However, grade 308L, 316L, 309Mo and 309L wires have also been employed in many cases. Any discoloration in the welded product can be removed using backing gases, or techniques such as purging and pickling. Machining Machinability of grade 3CR12 stainless steels is around 60% of that of mild steel. They have a work-hardening rate lesser than that of austenitic steels, and, hence, they do not require special machining methods. Finishes Grade 3CR12 stainless steel plates can be obtained in standard, hot-rolled annealed and pickled (HRAP) finish, and coils are available in 2B or 2D finish. Black finish can also be produced by hot-rolling the material, leaving behind a dark oxidized surface on the steel. Grade 3CR12 with black finish has a good corrosion resistance and low friction and, hence, it is suitable for different wear applications. Applications Grade 3CR12 stainless steels find application in the following: Sugar processing industries Transport equipment, such as rail wagons carrying iron ores and coal Mining and mineral processing Oven and furnaces

This article provides the alternative specifications for the Australian food industry service. Such specifications include: ASTM A554 “Specification for welded stainless steel mechanical tubing” ASTM A270 “Specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel sanitary tubing” ASTM A269 “Specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service” ASTM A249 “Specification for welded austenitic steel boiler, super heater, heat exchanger, and condenser tubes” AS 1528.1 “Specification for tubes (stainless steel) for the food industry” AS1528 was revised in 2001 by key stakeholders in the Australian food manufacturing and tube industries. AS 1528 is unique, in that it covers all the associated fittings in addition to the tube. Specification Comparison Contents [hide] 1 Specification Comparison 2 Material 3 Manufacture 4 Dimensional Tolerances 5 Wall Thickness 6 Outside Diameter 7 Surface Finish 8 Weld Bead 9 Heat Treatment 10 Mechanical Properties 11 Non-Destructive Inspection 12 Which Specification Material All specifications pertain to common grades, such as grades 304, 304L, 316 and 316L. AS1528.1 covers all grades of duplex and austenitic stainless steel listed in ASTM A240. Manufacture All specifications need fusion-welded products without filler metals. Specifications such as ASTM A270, ASTM A269 and AS 1528 also cover seamless products. Dimensional Tolerances Wall Thickness ASTM A554 requires ±10% of nominal – no nominal thicknesses are stipulated. ASTM A270 requires ±12.5% of nominal – no nominal thicknesses are stipulated. ASTM A269 requires ±10% of nominal for sizes over ½” – no nominal thicknesses are stipulated. ASTM A249 requires ±10% of nominal – no nominal thicknesses are stipulated. AS 1528 specifies nominal thicknesses of 1.6mm for all outside diameters, (ODs) except 2 mm for 203.2 mm OD; other thicknesses can be specified by purchasers. Standard tolerance is +nil, -0.10mm. The all-minus tolerance recognizes the usual practice for tube, to all specifications, to be produced towards the lower limit of the tolerance range. A range of between 1.52 and 1.58 mm is typical. This tolerance also applies to tube fittings. Outside Diameter Table 1. Specification requirements for standard inch series OD tube sizes Outside Diameter Requirements (mm) Diameter A249 A269 A270 A554* AS 1528* 25.4 ±0.15 ±0.13 +0.05/-0.20 ±0.13 ±0.13 38.1 ±0.15 ±0.25 +0.05/-0.20 ±0.15 ±0.25 50.8 ±0.25 ±0.25 +0.05/-0.28 ±0.18 ±0.25 63.5 ±0.3 ±0.25 +0.05/-0.28 ±0.25 ±0.25 76.2 ±0.38 ±0.25 +0.08/-0.30 ±0.25 ±0.25 101.6 ±0.38 ±0.38 +0.08/-0.38 ±0.38 ±0.38 * ASTM A554 tolerances for the weld bead removed condition. * AS1528 also covers OD sizes 12.7, 19.0, 31.8, 127.0, 152.4 and 203.2mm All these tube specifications provide limits for wall thickness and OD. The inside diameters are not mentioned separately. Surface Finish The surface finish properties of various specifications, recommended for Australian food industry services, are as follows: ASTM A249 and ASTM A269 require surfaces that are free of scales and rust. Annealing of the tube is usually carried out in a controlled environment, and this “bright annealed” finish is considered acceptable. ASTM A270 needs selection of both external and internal surfaces. The possible conditions include mill finish, abrasive polishing with 80, 120, 180 or 240 grit, special polishing or electropolishing. Surface finishes can be specified in terms of Ra values without any limits. ASTM A554 specifies “direct off mill” or “free of scale” finish as standard. Special finishes, if required, need to be mentioned in the order. Thus a large quantity of A554 tube is supplied in buffed or externally polished conditions. AS1528 covers the external surface “buff polished” or “as produced”. The internal surface needs to be 2B finish, quoted as typically 0.3µm Ra. Studies suggest that the typical roughness ranges from 0.10 to 0.20 µm Ra for 1.6mm 2B coil. Precautions must be taken to prevent significant degradation of roughness during the manufacture of tube. Weld Bead Listed below are the weld bead procedures for different steel grades: The handling products used in the food industry require a Stainless Steel Tube without weld bead remnant on the inner surface. ASTM A249 requires the weld to be cold-worked after welding, and before final heat treatment. ASTM A269 does not require any cold-working or weld bead control. ASTM A270 does not require weld bead. ASTM A554 can be supplied with the weld bead left on, and hence it complies with the “Bead Removed” option of A554. AS1528 requires removal of the weld bead. There is also a requirement that the internal surface needs to be smooth, with no lack of weld penetration and no crevices adjacent to welds. Heat Treatment The following stainless steel grades can be heat-treated: ASTM A249, ASTM A269 and ASTM A27 specify that all materials can be furnished in the heat-treated condition. Heat-treatment usually involves annealing methods, such as solution annealing or solution treatment. In practice, heat-treatment is not a basic requirement for food industry applications. ASTM A554 is usually supplied in “as welded” condition, i.e. no heat-treatment required after tube forming. AS1528 allows the purchaser to specify either annealed or un-annealed conditions of steel products. Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of various stainless steel grades, commonly used in food industries, are given below: ASTM A249 requires extensive mechanical testing for use in critical environments in boilers or heat exchangers. ASTM A269 requires reverse flattening, plus flange and hardness tests. It does not require tensile testing. ASTM A270 requires a reverse flattening test only. ASTM A554 does not require mechanical testing as standard. AS1528 requires the tube to be made of strips that comply with ASTM A240. It does not require tensile or hardness testing. Non-Destructive Inspection The non-destructive inspection procedures for different steel grades are listed below: ASTM A249, ASTM A269, ASTM A270 and AS1528.1 all require 100% hydrostatic or eddy current testing. ASTM A554 includes a supplementary requirement that deals with the possibility of non-destructive testing. However, this is applicable for ASTM A554 tube. Which Specification The following section provides a summary on each specification employed in food industries: ASTM A249 specifies weld bead removal. This requirement can be met from other standards. ASTM A249 does not require annealing in most food applications. ASTM A269 again requires annealed tube. Conversely, it does not specify internal weld bead removal, which generally is a food industry requirement. ASTM A269 is a stock item, and it proves uncompetitive against un-annealed tube. ASTM A270 also requires the tube in the annealed condition, and it describes nothing about weld bead. The finish options available in this specification are very comprehensive. ASTM A554 is intended for mechanical applications, and not for pressure containment or sanitary use. AS1528 is the safest and most cost-effective option. It is specifically employed in food industries, as it specifies the features necessary to achieve high integrity lines for hygienic applications without requiring expensive mechanical testing. Annealing can be done if required, and surface finishes can be further specified. Batch traceability marking, used to verify many food and pharmaceutical plants, is necessary. Another key benefit is the presence of matching specifications for tube fittings.

Having an massive knowledge, we accept acquired huge breadth advice aural the breadth of producing, importing and exporting a advanced array of Reducing Tee , Automated Fasteners and Flanges & added Automated Supplies. In our range, we action Stainless Metal Fastners Carbon Metal Aqueduct Requirement in Heavy Industries A Carbon Animate Aqueduct Offers Unmatched Hardness and Durability arbon Animate Strips We action above superior flat/ strip/ circle/ foils that are fabricated of carbon metal and are characterized by bright, apple-pie and dry exoteric as able-bodied as autogenous surface. These articles are acclimated in assorted industries including refrigeration, air conditioning, oil and gas and more. In environments absolute a ample bulk of, for example, carbon dioxide, inhibitors accept been acclimated to anticipate corrosion. However, the use of such inhibitors causes an access in amount and the inhibitors cannot accommodate acceptable advantages beneath top temperature altitude in some cases. Therefore,Stainless steel Pipe with top bane attrition accept been afresh acclimated after application the inhibitors. The API standards specify that 12%-Cr martensitic stainless metal with a bargain C agreeable be acceptable for band pipes. In contempo years, martensitic stainless animate pipes accept been acclimated for pipelines for accustomed gas absolute CO2. There is a botheration in that such martensitic stainless animate pipes have to be preheated or subjected to post-welding calefaction analysis if they are girth-welded. Furthermore, there is a botheration in that anchored portions thereof are inferior in toughness. The techniques proposed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 crave reductions central the P agreeable to beneath than 0.008% by accumulation and aswell to 0.008% by accumulation or less, respectively. However, aural the accepted adorning technique, an access in the abundance ofdephosphorization is all-important in adjustment to durably and absolutely abate the P agreeable in the 13Cr-type martensitic stainless metal to 0.008% by accumulation or beneath in an automated accumulation assembly scale, and this leads to a cogent access in cost. Evenif the abundance of dephosphorization is increased, it is difficult to absolutely ascendancy the Pagreeable up to 0.008% by accumulation or less. Therefore, development of an bargain martensitic stainless metal pipe, which never requires the abridgement in Pinvolving an access in amount and the accession of ample quantities of big-ticket Ni and Mo, has been requested. Short Radius Elbow is advantageous in accomplishment a anchored anatomy by welding. Examples of the anchored anatomy cover oil or accustomed gas assembly accessories such as pipelines bogus by girth-welding band pipes, actinic bulb pipes such as risers and manifolds, and bridges. The anchored anatomy defined herein may be bogus by adjustment the martensitic stainless animate pipes of the present invention, adjustment the martensitic stainless metal aqueduct of the present apparatus to addition blazon of animate pipe, or adjustment the martensitic stainless animate aqueduct to a affiliate fabricated of addition material.

Stainless steel pipes, as the identify implies are pipes made from corrosion resistant and sturdy stainless-steel. And they’re fairly well-liked in almost all sectors of household, industrial and industrial places. 4130 Pipe, equally, has superb utilitarian really worth in numerous industrial sectors . Hot Expansion Steel Pipe :These pipes are plentiful in seamless and welded types in order to meet the needs of particular enterprise sector requires. In addition to these standard forms a lot of the makers managing the manufacturing of stainless steel pipes go for orders for customized designed varieties as outlined by your specific person specification, dimension, and quality to find the best possible productiveness. These pipes are created for biggest durability and dependability and could withstand damage even during harsh conditions. Stainless steel pipes uncover broad software in a number of industrial places like chemical, fertilizer, petrochemical, pulp and paper, maritime, meals & beverage etc.Different inventions were recently proposed to extened living alongside the plug for Electric resistance welding steel pipe . For example, a combination of thermal spraying and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process is disclosed in Japanese Patent KOKAI No. 61-286077. This technique is used for coating with ZrO2 with regards to thermal insulation of an engine room. The plug was manufactured over the thermal spraying of a nickel thermal spraying material (Ni-Cr-Al-Y) powder to the the surface of your core produced of carbon metal (S45C) to some middle layer, and the thermal spraying of molybdenum powder to form a surface layer, then the HIP treatment. In accordance with this reference, the effects with the middle layer is remarkable, especially, it relaxes the thermal stress of the junction layer followed by an immediate change of temperature at the surface inside the core. Thermal shock is improved upon in comparison utilizing the same in the plug without middle layer.wall thickness-tolerance on the wall thickness alterations in how much constant surfaces Stubbs pass caused mainly because of the wall thickness of ultra poor with mold improper or disregard the changes due to the mold dimension as a result of wear using the estimate is incorrect short mandrel the curved outer mold and tapered mandrel drawing the mandrel improper position adjustment – before or after too. To prevent the wall thickness the ultra poor should correct with mold, properly adjust the mandrel position. Pass empty pull metal pipe wall thickness change ought to be estimated accurately. Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges and 4130 tubing online: The net source is easily the most effective option for buying stainless-steel pipes. Case since the bulk from your renowned producers and suppliers have their own online presence today. Thus, you can get access to first class types in the same location understanding that too from the comforts of one’s household or office.You can even get 4130 tubing online with all the best prices to pick from inside the

Stainless Steel Pipe is often a compound which includes numerous employs.spiral welded metal pipe Gifts for Bachelors. This process is hugely proof against corrosion, sterile and hygienic, and may also stand up to an amazing deal of pressure. Stainless Steel Pipe really is well-liked inside an enormous variety of industries, particularly these attached to constructing. In fact, wheresoever large-scale construction is created, say a bridge or railings on the highway, there’ll be some usage of stainless steel because it retains up structures exceptionally correctly. Metal is applied to distinctive varieties, the other particular of countless most critical is pipe. Opposite to what an outstanding amount of folks think, stainless steel pipe is largely coil-shaped, rather of turning out to be cylindrical or spherical. It may be processed into various varied shapes. Not extended during the past, inside the annex in the Nationwide Standardization Specialized Committee pipeline firm wall Spiral welded steel pipe work and pipe fittings normal drafting session, the Architecture Design and look at Institute of expert associates and a few stainless steel pipe fittings or super duplex stainless steel flanges suppliers representative GB/T91228.Drew Barrymores seamless stainless steel pipe, Look and Produce a Remark. You will discover distinctive types of Pre galvanized pipes hardens accessible available in the market. These pipes is different from regular stainless steel when it comes to metal content. The top quality together with the stainless steels is determined by its content. You will find distinct corporations who will be concerned from the manufacturing of stainless steel pipes. With there being distinct types of pipes obtainable, consumers must select meticulously coming from a broad selection of possibilities. You will find also several unauthorized and illegitimate stores that promote pretend and inferior components below large manufacturer names for example: Zhejiang wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. It really is useless to express that these components are unsuccessful to supply the most well-liked overall performance. So customers should choose carefully since an individual wrong decision can’t merely outcome in complete monetary loss but may also location the complete part of jeopardy. These days, you’ll be able to get these pipes on the web. Certainly, the net provides you with use of manufacturers around the world. You can select comparative buying and therefore get keep of the finest deal/s. With competitive pricing and strategic transport locations, you might obtain your excellent shipped with the shortest feasible time. Some manufacturers in addition provide you assistance in case you are baffled about which chrome steel pipe to select for the needs.

Possessing an massive expertise, we’ve got acquired huge area know-how in the area of manufacturing, importing and exporting a large assortment of industrial Pipes and Fittings, Industrial Fasteners and Flanges & other Industrial Supplies . Inside our range,  wilson pipeline  Pipe Industry Co., Limited provide Equal Tee , Stainless Steel U Tube, Butt Weld Fittings, Forged Pipe Fittings, Forged Flanges, Metal Fastners and Stainless steel Anchors.Metal pipes and pipe fittings are popular in houses and industrial purposes for carrying water, flammable gases, fire sprinkler systems, etc. As steel pipes have a tendency to rust, they are often mixed with many other materials to increase its durability making it rust resistant. We manufacture and export www.yaang.com like Chrome steel Pipe Fittings, Carbon Metal Pipe fittings, alloy metal pipe fittings etc., that are worldwide accepted. Made with precision, these fittings provide dimensional accuracy, high tensile strength and also durability standards. Further, our range is available in various sizes and specifications as essential for clients. Alternatively, the martensitic stainless steel pipe may further contain Si, Mn, P, S, and Al within a suitable content range. The martensitic stainless steel pipe may further contain several selected from the group consisting of 4% or fewer of Cu, 4% or fewer of Co, 4% or fewer of Mo, and 4% or fewer of W and more than one selected through the group consisting of .15% or fewer of Ti, .10% or fewer of Nb, .10% or less of V, .10% or less of Zr, .20% or less of Hf, and .20% or fewer of Ta on a mass basis. To be able to satisfy such a request, the actual inventors variously examined the end results of chemical compositions of martensitic stainless steel pipe, particularly a 13Cr-type martensitic Long Radius Elbow on hot workability, toughness,tempering temperature, as well as the straightening treatment by way of a straightener. As the result, the next findings (a) to (c) were obtained. (a) The recent workability along with the toughness of an martensitic metal pipe might be enhanced by controlling the chemical compositions, particularly, the valuables in C, Mn, N and Al. (b) Particularly, on the list of above-mentioned elements, by reducing the information of Al to some specified range, how much carbides precipitated in grain boundary, especially the M23C.sub.6 type carbide, is extremely minimized, and thetoughness is greatly improved. (c) Since Nb, Mo and V can raise the tempering temperature by an inclusion of trace amounts thereof, a high temperature exceeding 510 degrees C. can be ensured even in the case of performing a straightening treatment by a straightener successively totempering treatment, and so the influence of working with the straightener could be suppressed. In order to handle such problems, for instance, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 9-316611 discloses martensitic stainless-steel developing a C content of .02% or less, an N content of .07% or less, a proper Cr content, an appropriate Ni content, as well as an appropriate Mo content. The Cr content, the Ni content, and the Mo content are adjusted in relation to the C content or even the C content and the N content and also the Ni content as well as the Mo content are adjusted regarding the C content and the N content. A martensitic stainless steel flanges manufactured while using steel disclosed on this document is superior in CO2 corrosion resistance, resistance to stress corrosion cracking, weldability, as well as-temperature strength as well as the toughness of a welded area of the pipe is high. The following new problem has recently arisen: a problem in that cracking is situated heat-affected zones (hereinafter called HAZs) of martensitic stainless-steel pipes that is subject to girth-welding in environments containing CO2.

The primary huge difference in involving 304 and 316 Stainless Steel U Tube from china is usually that 316 includes 2%-3% molybdenum and 304 has no molybdenum. The “moly” is extra to enhance the corrosion resistance to chlorides (like sea consuming h2o). So, however 316 stainless steel pipes are basically deemed much more corrosion resistant than 304, relying around the mother earth in the corrosive push the corrosion prices of 304 and 316 could possibly quite properly be very similar. Normally, SS 304/304L is assumed to obtain corrosion-resistant compound. But every time we go to Piping Specs with SS 304/304L MOC, its benefit is taken as .063 inches — exact for SS316/316L. Make sure you demonstrate. There was a time there once the individuals made using to make use of brass metallic for his or her industrial capabilities. But, it experienced been exceptionally highly-priced and difficult to help keep the lustre. It’s also much less durable as stainless steel. The existence of chrome steel has completely modified the commercial planet. The PVC pipe remained amazingly energetic for any handful of several years for adaptable industrial use. Nevertheless, it happens to be nevertheless not prolonged long-lasting as stainless steel. And also the regular demand Prepainted Steel Coil whilst within the businesses, sectors and fertilizers equipment, the designers occur being capable of provide their organization in the fast space. The event story of globe fiscal process furthermore the use of computer along with net have redoubled the corporation business of generating and export marketplace. Therefore, the worldwide enterprise company is becoming seriously uncomplicated never just in stainless steel pipe fittings but may also in all other segments. The stainless steel pipe fittings incorporate an unbelievable want in nearly each area of activities this kind of as prescription medications, fertilizers, getting ready gas enterprise, electrical field along with what not. The stainless steel pipe is superior, hygienic, aesthetically gorgeous, lengthy longer lasting, inexpensive and lightweight lbs. Which is the reason the persons all over the world have potent belief in the use of their enterprise organization. It happens to be massively advised to possess stainless steel flanges for sale out of your dependable corporation which may have produced model by way of continual exertion to the high-quality inside their goods. Usually, the very best quality manage of high-end providers are excellent due to their engineering are at this point regularly upgraded retaining an eye for the existing craze and have to have. It is attainable to recognize quite a few forms of finishes over a stainless steel pipe. Any additional compact the grit from the belt sander, the finer the entire it is possible to realize. Differing sorts of abrasive and non-abrasive buffing discs is often utilized coupled with the belt grinder to achieve differing types of finishes.

Shot peening is a process that uses a high-speed rotating impeller to shoot the shot out at high speed, hit the workpiece surface, and clean or strengthen the workpiece surface. The materials used for shot peening include steel shot, aluminum shot, glass ball and ceramic shot. Characteristics of shot peening 1) High cleaning efficiency, low cost, few operators, easy to realize mechanization, suitable for mass production; 2) No compressed air is used to accelerate the projectile, so there is no need to set up a high-power air compression station, and the cleaned surface is free of moisture; 3) Poor flexibility, limited by the site, some blindness when cleaning the workpiece, and it is easy to produce dead corners on the workpiece surface that cannot be cleaned; 4) The equipment structure is complex, there are many vulnerable parts, especially the blades and other parts wear fast, there are many maintenance hours and high costs; 5) Generally, light and small projectiles cannot be used. Shot peening process Shot peening is also the name of a mechanical surface treatment process, similar to sand peening and shot peening. Shot peening is a cold treatment process, which is divided into shot peening cleaning and shot peening strengthening. Shot peening cleaning, as the name implies, is to remove surface oxide and other impurities to improve the appearance quality. Shot peening strengthening is to use high-speed motion of the projectile (60-110m/s) flow to continuously impact the surface of the strengthened workpiece. The target surface and surface layer (0.10-0.85mm) are forced to undergo the following changes during cyclic deformation: 1. Modification of microstructure; 2. Non-uniform plasticized outer surface introduces residual compressive stress and inner surface produces residual tensile stress; 3. The outer surface roughness changes (Ra Rz). Impact: it can improve the fatigue fracture resistance of materials/parts, prevent fatigue failure, plastic deformation and brittle fracture, and improve the fatigue life. Structure principle The two disks in the shot peening device are riveted together to form an impeller body. The impeller body is provided with eight blades, and the impeller body and the shot splitting wheel located in the center of the shot peening wheel are mounted on the main shaft driven by an electric motor. The cover is lined with a guard plate, and the cover shell is provided with a directional sleeve and a shot tube. When working, the shot from the shot tube into the shot peening device. The projectile wheel, which rotates synchronously with the blades, gives the projectile its initial velocity. The projectile flies out of the window of the directional sleeve and is thrown to the high-speed rotating blade outside the directional sleeve. After being further accelerated by the blade, it is thrown onto the surface of the cleaned workpiece. Because the synchronous rotation of the shot wheel and the blade ensures the non-vibration transmission of the projectile to the blade, thus reducing the wear of the blade. Peening principle is the body of the motor to drive the impeller rotation (direct drive or use the “V” belt drive), by the effect of centrifugal force, the diameter is about 0.2 ~ 3.0 of the projectile (have pills for cast steel, steel cut wire shot, stainless steel, such as different types) to the surface of the workpiece, the workpiece surface reaches a certain roughness, makes the artifacts become beautiful, Or change the welding tensile stress of the workpiece to compressive stress, improve the service life of the workpiece. By improving the surface finish of the workpiece, the film adhesion of the subsequent painting of the workpiece is also improved. Shot peening is almost used in most fields of machinery, such as shipbuilding, automobile parts, aircraft parts, surface of guns and tanks, Bridges, steel structures, glass, steel plate profiles, pipe internal and external wall corrosion and even road surface and so on. Bring about shot peening machine Shot peening machine is a kind of processing technology which impacts steel sand and steel shot on the surface of material object at high speed by shot peening device. It is faster and more efficient than other surface treatment techniques, and allows for partial retention or stamping after the casting process. Shot peening machine can also be used to remove burrs, diaphragms and rust, shot peening machine can also be directed at a partially coated surface to remove surface contaminants and provide an increase in coating adhesion surface profile, to achieve the purpose of strengthening the workpiece. Shot peening equipment is first applied to the surface of cast steel, cast iron sand and oxide cleaning. Almost all steel castings, gray castings, ductile iron and so on should be shot peening. This is not only to remove the oxide scale and sand on the surface of the casting, but also an indispensable preparation process before the quality inspection of the casting. For example, before the non-destructive inspection of the large gas turbine casing, strict shot peening cleaning must be carried out to ensure the reliability of the inspection results. Casting shot peening In general casting production, shot peening is an essential technological means to find surface defects of castings such as subcutaneous pores, slag holes, sand sticking, cold insulation, peeling, etc. The surface cleaning of non-ferrous metal castings, such as aluminum alloy and copper alloy, in addition to removing the oxide scale and finding the surface defects of the castings, the main purpose is to remove the burr of the die-casting parts by shot peening and obtain the surface quality with decoration significance, so as to achieve comprehensive results. Mechanical adjustment The new shot peening device must correctly adjust the position of the directional sleeve window before use, so that the projectile thrown as much as possible to be cleaned on the surface of the workpiece, in order to ensure the cleaning effect, reduce the wear of the indoor wall wear parts. The position of the directional sleeve window can be adjusted by referring to the manual. #shotpeening

Joint sealing of flange – why 304 material is not recommended for bolts? In flange joint sealing, when carbon steel flanges or stainless steel flanges are equipped with 304 material bolts, leakage problems often occur in operation. This lecture will make a qualitative analysis of this. What are the basic differences between 304, 304L, 316 and 316L materials? 304, 304L, 316 and 316L are commonly used stainless steel materials in flange joints (including flanges, sealing elements and fasteners). 304, 304L, 316 and 316L are stainless steel type codes of American material standard (ANSI or ASTM), belonging to 300 series class I steel of austenitic stainless steel. The brands corresponding to the domestic material standard (GB/T) are 06cr19ni10 (304), 022cr19ni10 (304L), 06cr17ni12mo2 (316), 022cr17ni12mo2 (316L). This kind of stainless steel is generally referred to as 18-8 stainless steel. Refer to table 1304, 304L, 316 and 316L. Due to different alloying elements and amounts, their physical, chemical and mechanical properties are also different. Compared with ordinary stainless steel, they have good corrosion resistance, heat resistance and processability. The corrosion resistance of 304L is similar to that of 304, but because the carbon content of 304L is lower than that of 304, it has stronger resistance to intergranular corrosion. 316 and 316L are molybdenum containing stainless steels. Due to the addition of molybdenum, their corrosion resistance and heat resistance are better than 304 and 304L. Similarly, because the carbon content of 316L is lower than that of 316, its crystal corrosion resistance is better. 304, 304L, 316 and 316L austenitic stainless steels have low mechanical strength. The room temperature yield strength of 304 is 205mpa and that of 304L is 170Mpa; The room temperature yield strength of 316 is 210mpa and 316L is 200MPa. Therefore, the bolts made of them belong to low strength bolts. Table.1 carbon content,% room temperature yield strength, MPa, recommended maximum service temperature, ℃ Why should bolts of materials such as 304 and 316 not be used for flange joints? As mentioned in the previous talks, the flange joint is separated from the sealing surfaces of the two flanges due to the internal pressure, resulting in the corresponding reduction of gasket stress. The other is the relaxation of bolt stress due to the creep relaxation of gasket or the creep of bolt itself at high temperature, which also reduces the gasket stress and leads to leakage failure of flange joint. In actual operation, bolt force relaxation is inevitable, and the bolt force of initial tightening will always drop with time. Especially for flange joints under high temperature and severe cycle conditions, after 10000 hours of operation, the bolt load loss often exceeds 50%, and attenuates with the extension of time and the increase of temperature. When the flange and bolt are made of different materials, especially when the flange is made of carbon steel and the bolt is made of stainless steel, the thermal expansion coefficient 2 of the bolt and flange materials is different, such as the thermal expansion coefficient of stainless steel at 50 ℃ (16.51 × 10-5/℃ specific carbon steel thermal expansion coefficient (11.12) × 10-5/℃ is large. After the device is heated up, when the expansion of the flange is less than that of the bolt, after the deformation is coordinated, the bolt elongation decreases, resulting in the relaxation of the bolt force, which may lead to the leakage of the flange joint. Therefore, when the high-temperature equipment flange and pipe flange joint, especially the thermal expansion coefficients of the flange and bolt materials are different, the thermal expansion system of the two materials shall be improved as much as possible The number is similar. It can be seen that the mechanical strength of austenitic stainless steels such as 304 and 316 is low, and the room temperature yield strength of 304 is only 205mpa and 316 is only 210Mpa. Therefore, in order to improve the anti relaxation and anti fatigue ability of bolts, measures to improve the installation bolt force are taken. For example, when the maximum installation bolt force is used, it will be mentioned in the subsequent forum that the installation bolt stress is required to reach 70% of the yield strength of bolt materials In this way, it is necessary to improve the strength grade of bolt materials and use high-strength or medium strength alloy steel bolt materials. It is obvious that except cast iron, non-metallic flange or rubber gasket, for semi-metallic and metal gaskets with high pressure grade flange or gasket stress, bolts with low strength materials such as 304 and 316 cannot meet the sealing requirements due to insufficient bolt force. What needs special attention here is that in the American stainless steel bolt material standard, 304 and 316 have two categories respectively, namely b8cl.1 and b8cl.2 of 304 and b8mcl.1 and b8mcl.2 of 316. Cl.1 is subject to carbide solution treatment, while CL.2 is subject to strain strengthening treatment in addition to solution treatment. Although there is no fundamental difference between b8cl.2 and b8cl.1 in terms of chemical corrosion resistance, the force relative to b8cl.1 and b8cl.2 For example, the yield strength of b8cl.2 bolt material with a diameter of 3/4 “is 550MPa, while the yield strength of b8cl.1 bolt material with all diameters is only 205mpa, which is more than twice the difference. 06cr19ni10 (304) and 06cr17ni12mo2 (316) in domestic bolt material standards are equivalent to b8cl.1 and b8mcl.1. [Note: GB/T150.3 pressure vessel part III design] The bolt material s30408 in is equivalent to b8cl.2; s31608 is equivalent to b8mcl.1. In view of the above reasons, GB/T150.3 and GB/T38343 technical regulations for installation of flange joints stipulate that the usual 304 (b8cl.1) and 316 (b8mcl.1) bolts are not recommended for pressure equipment flanges and pipe flange joints. Especially under high temperature and severe cycle conditions, they should be replaced with b8cl.2 (s30408) and b8mcl.2 to avoid low installation bolt force. It should be noted that when low-strength bolt materials such as 304 and 316 are used, even in the installation stage, because the torque is not controlled, the bolt may have exceeded the yield strength of the material and even fracture. Naturally, if there is leakage during the pressure test or start of operation, the bolt force cannot go up and prevent the leakage even if the bolts are tightened continuously. In addition, these bolts are disassembled It can not be reused after installation, because the bolt has been permanently deformed and the cross-section size of the bolt becomes smaller, it is easy to break when it is installed again. #304 #304L #316and316L

The downstream applications of industrial metal pipe fittings are extensive and involve the major industries of the national economy. Among them, petrochemical, nuclear power, thermal power, shipbuilding and military industries are the representative industries for their applications, especially the application of special metal fittings in these industries. . Through the analysis of industrial metal pipe fittings in several key industries and demand forecast application of the foreseeable future market prospects. ​ 1. petrochemical industry Industrial pipe and pipe fittings as a mass transfer equipment in the pipe equipment, oil refining, chemical equipment for an important segment of the field. Commonly used industrial metal pipe materials are stainless steel, carbon steel, etc., are widely used in oil refining, chemical production in the pipeline connection, the other materials are titanium, aluminum, nickel, zirconium, etc., usually selected for specific use tube material . In recent years, refining, petrochemical enterprises to increase production capacity to intensify the transformation of large-scale, new large-scale oil refining, chemical engineering projects have been prepared by the localization of oil hydrogenation equipment and successively developed ethylene cracking and subsequent processing of key equipment Pulling, China’s refining, chemical production equipment manufacturing industry is growing rapidly. As the long-term operation of petrochemical equipment in high temperature or low temperature, high pressure, strong corrosion and other special circumstances, special metal materials in the petrochemical equipment in the proportion of demand for high, the current petrochemical industry, industrial metal fittings in the proportion of special metal pipe is about 50 / RTI & gt; With the increase in the proportion of poor use of crude oil, hydrogenation technology to promote the application of long-distance oil and gas pipeline construction, new coal chemical industry to accelerate the development trend of the application of special metal fittings will be more and more widely. The traditional single anti-corrosion technology and materials can not meet the needs of the development of oil and gas fields, therefore, oil and gas fields on the high steel grade, high corrosion resistance, low temperature and other pipe needs continue to increase. As the oil and gas field medium composition, pressure, temperature and other large difference between the corrosion environment, a large number of high corrosion resistance alloy will cause increased production costs and corrosion of the waste of alloy materials, so the development of both oil and gas fields to ensure safety and transportation, A new type of bimetallic composite materials has become the focus of the major oil and gas companies, bimetallic composite pipe and pipe products, the market demand is also the market demand is very high. getting bigger. “Petroleum and chemical industry,” second five “plan” forecast, “second five” during the industry average growth rate will remain at 10% or more to petrochemical industry, industrial metal pipe industry, the average annual growth rate of 10% and special metal pipe fittings A conservative estimate than 50% in 2015, China’s petrochemical industry, industrial metal pipe fittings and special metal pipe market size will reach 40 billion yuan and 20 billion yuan. 2. coal chemical industry China’s coal reserves are rich, accounting for 11.60% of the world’s total coal reserves. Since the founding of the country’s primary energy production and consumption of coal in the long-term ratio of more than 70%. According to the Ministry of Land and Resources data, as of the end of 2010, China’s total coal resources forecast of about 5.6 trillion tons, of which 1340.83 billion tons of resources have been identified. Relying on the rich coal resources, China’s coal chemical industry has been a good development. “Eleventh Five-Year” period, China’s coal chemical engineering construction total investment of about 500 billion yuan, China’s nitrogen fertilizer, calcium carbide, coke and other traditional coal chemical products production capacity, continue to rank in the world. At the same time, with the role of oil substitution of new coal chemical technology has made great progress, driven by high oil prices, the emerging coal chemical industry is the emergence of rapid development momentum. “Twelfth Five-Year” period of coal chemical industry investment will be China’s coal chemical metal pipe fittings and special metal pipe to bring new market demand. 3. nuclear power industry In the construction of nuclear power, fluid gas delivery requires the use of a large number of industrial pipelines, pipe connections to use a large number of pipe fittings. The medium of the nuclear tube is mainly composed of saturated steam, condensed water, radioactive water vapor heavy water, irradiation corrosive substance, radioactive medium, dilute sulfuric acid and lye, carbon dioxide, sodium, helium, oil and vacuum. Special, complex, harsh, coupled with a large amount of large, demanding, so a large number of nuclear power fittings using nickel-based alloys, titanium, zirconium and other special metal materials. In recent years, China’s nuclear power infrastructure investment accelerated. According to China Electricity Council statistics, in 2011 China’s nuclear power infrastructure investment reached 74 billion yuan, from 2007 to 2011, the average annual growth rate of nuclear power investment of more than 70%. From the perspective of China’s energy demand and supply situation, the development of nuclear power is an inevitable choice to ensure energy security in China. In October 2012, the State Council approved the “Mid- and Long-Term Development Plan for Nuclear Power (2011-2020)”, Kilowatts of nuclear power installed capacity of the target, under construction nuclear power installed capacity will be slightly more than 20 million kilowatts is expected in 2015 China’s nuclear power with industrial metal fittings and special metal fittings market capacity will reach 2.9 billion and 1.7 billion. The market of nuclear power fittings is divided into two parts: pipe fittings and pipe fittings. Many enterprises make petrochemical and thermal power market for a long time. The production technology is mature and it is easier to enter the nuclear power market after upgrading according to the nuclear power quality assurance system. At present, there are nearly 20 domestic and foreign manufacturers of pipe fittings which are qualified to participate in nuclear power projects. Chinese and foreign enterprises basically share half of the country, but foreign integrated group companies possess nuclear island main steam piping and fittings experience, Grade pipe market, the vast majority of domestic enterprises can only provide the nucleus level 2, level 3 of pipe fittings. 4. thermal power industry Thermal power plants require a significant amount of pressure piping and fittings to carry high-temperature fluids. In order to improve the efficiency of coal-fired power generation and protect the ecological environment, China has vigorously developed super-critical thermal power units with low coal consumption, low pollution and high efficiency in recent years. Thermal power units Industrial metal pipe fittings, especially those used in the four major thermal power plant pipe (main steam pipe, reheat steam pipe hot section, reheat steam pipe cold section and high pressure water supply pipe) to be subject to long-term high temperature and high pressure steam and high-speed fluid substances Erosion corrosion, the quality of the four major pipeline operation is essential. With the development of large-capacity, high-parameter, ultra-supercritical and water-saving environment-friendly units, the four large pipe fittings are required to increase the caliber and have better performance of high temperature resistance, high pressure resistance and corrosion resistance. , The use of P91, P92, P22 and WB36 have excellent heat resistance, high pressure performance of special metal materials, special metal pipe fittings are used for a large number of supercritical, supercritical parameters such as thermal power units in the pipeline. 5. shipbuilding industry As an important component of marine pipeline system, industrial metal pipe fittings are widely used in ships and offshore engineering equipment, and play the role of fluid and gas medium transportation. By the impact of the global economic crisis lag, the international shipping market downturn, China’s shipbuilding industry, industrial output growth slowed, but overall to maintain growth. The marine engineering equipment industry, as the material and technical foundation for the development and utilization of marine resources, has become the most promising field in the field of shipbuilding in the context of the increasing importance of continental shelf resources in China. Marine and marine engineering in the fluid, gas medium, including crude oil, chemical gases and other corrosive substances, while the ship metal pipe fittings exposed to long-term humid air, marine equipment, pipe fittings need to be soaked in seawater, so strong corrosion resistance Of the special metal materials such as titanium, nickel-based alloys have been gradually applied to ship metal pipe fittings, especially marine equipment, metal pipe manufacturing. 6. the military industry Military industry is a typical high-end equipment manufacturing industry, not only assume the transformation of China’s manufacturing industry an important task, but also China’s core science and technology source and driving force, is the future independent intellectual property rights and patents, the main creator. Military equipment, including military aircraft, aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, military ships, tanks and so on. Military industry is the earliest use of special metal materials industry, and then gradually into the special metal materials, chemical, civil nuclear power, thermal power, ships and other fields.Pipe fittings as an important part of the military equipment pipeline system, but also a large number of special metal materials used to support military equipment to high-tech, modern direction. #metalpipefittingsBWfittings