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Introduction Stainless steels are called as high-alloy steels. Due to the presence of large amounts of chromium in the range of 4 to 30%, they have high corrosion resistance than other steels. Stainless steels are classified into martensitic, ferritic and austenitic based on their crystalline structure. However, stainless steels present in the form of a combination of martensitic and austenitic steels are known as precipitation-hardened steels. The following datasheet will provide more details about grade 330 stainless steel, which has high strength and resistance to carburization and oxidation at 1200°C (2200°F). General Properties Alloy 330 is an austenitic, nickel-chromium-iron-silicon alloy that has outstanding resistance to oxidation and carburization up to 2200°F with high strength. The excellent resistance to oxidation and carburization is provided by the high nickel and chromium content of the alloy, further enhanced by its silicon content. Alloy 330’s ultra high nickel content of 34 to 37% also provides high resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking and embrittlement from the precipitation of sigma phase in most furnace atmospheres. Alloy 330 also has a low coefficient of expansion, excellent ductility, and high strength. Applications: Alloy 330 is extensively used in high temperature environments where resistance to the combined effects of thermal cycling and carburization is necessary. Applications include: Chemical and Petrochemical Processing: cracked ammonia components, petrochemical furnace parts, heat exchangers, flares, etc Thermal Processing: heat-treat furnace containers & compartments, high temperature fans, salt pots, etc Ore Processing: perlite system and equipment Power Generation: boiler fixtures, gas turbine components, etc Value Added Services: Need a special length? We can custom level 3/8″ thick x 72″ x 186″ from our plate line to reduce scrap Polish plate inventory available We supply #4, #6, and #8 mirror finish Special polishes available Plate processing Dynamic water jet cutting Plate shearing Saw cutting Plasma cutting and high quality plasma cutting Machine cut rings and discs Corrosion Resistance: Provides high level of corrosion resistance especially with regards to oxidation, carburization, and nitridation Has great oxidation resistance and resists scale formation up to about 2000°F due to its chromium and nickel content Excellent resistance to carburization due to its 34 to 37% nickel and silicon content Exhibits resistance to nitrogen containing atmospheres where the oxygen content is low High nickel content also makes it highly resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking and sigma phase embrittlement Hardening: Alloy 330 will not respond to heat treatment; will only harden upon cold work Machinability Rigid mounts, sulfurized lubricants, positive feeds and slow speeds are recommended for machining grade 330 stainless steel. Welding Grade 330 stainless steel can be welded using GAW techniques. Hot Working Hot working of grade 330 stainless steel can be performed at 1149 to 1177°C (2100 to 2150°F). Cold Working It is difficult to perform cold working in grade 330 stainless steel as the steel has high strength and work hardening rate. However, this steel can be cold worked using strong forces. Annealing Grade 330 stainless steel can be annealed at 1121 to 1204°C (2050 to 2200°F). Chemical Properties:ElementAverage Nominal %Chromium18.00 – 22.00Nickel34.00 37.00Carbon0.08 MaxSilicon1.00 – 1.50Manganese2.00 MaxPhosphorus0.03 MaxSulfur0.03 MaxCopper1.00 MaxIronBalance Mechanical Properties:Tensile Strength – ksi (min.)0.2% Offset Yield Strength – ksi (min.)Elongation in 2 inches – % (min.)Hardness – Rockwell B70303090 Physical Properties:Density (lb. / cu. in.)Specific GravitySpecific Heat (Btu/lb Deg F – [32-212 Deg F])Magnetic PermeabilityModulus of Elasticity Tension0.2897.990.111.0228.5 Other Designations Other designations that are equivalent to grade 330 stainless steel include the following. AMS 5592 AMS 5716 ASTM B366 ASTM B511 ASTM B512 ASTM B535 ASTM B536 ASTM B546 ASTM B710 ASTM B739 DIN 1.4333 DIN 1.4864 SAE 30330 SAE J405 (30330) SAE J412 (30330)

wilsonpipeline Stainless inventory includes Alloy 403 (UNS S40300) in  Stainless Steel Pipes re-certification of 410 stainless steel.  Other product forms such as Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, may also be available by re-certifying 410 stainless steel to meet the requirements of 403. General Properties This straight chromium stainless steel offers reasonable corrosion resistance and high mechanical characteristics. The 403 Series offers heat resistance and a scaling temperature of about 1300°F. It is a corrosion and heat resistant 12% Cr martensitic stainless steel. This alloy offers a wide range of mechanical properties that are obtainable by appropriate heat treatments. It is easily hardened by oil, fan or air cooling and may be tempered at temperatures of up to 1350°F (732°C) to improve fracture toughness. Oil or fan cooling is required in thicker sections Specification: ASTM/ASTE: UNS S40300 EURONORM: X7Cr13 Applications: Compressor blades Turbine parts Oil and Gas Pipeline Corrosion Resistance High degree of resistance to atmospheric corrosion because of its ability to form a tightly adherent oxide film Maximum corrosion resistance is obtained by hardening and polishing. Not recommended for use in severely corrosive environments. Oxidation Resistance Resists oxidation up to 1400°F (760°C). Temperature should not exceed 1200-1300°F (649-704°C) in  continuous service. Hot Working/Heat Treatment Forging or Rolling Starting temperature between 2000°F and 2100°F  is recommended for forging, with a finishing temperature recommended above 1400°F . Final forging temperatures as low as 1300°F, if care is taken not to rupture steel Better mechanical properties obtained in forged and tempered condition in lower temperatures Annealing May be annealed at 1500-1650°F, followed by a slow cool to 1100°F , and a final air cool. Hardening Material may be fully hardened by oil quenching from 1650-1800°F Light sections may be hardened by air or fan cooling. Alloy will harden, to varying degrees, when cooled from temperatures above 1500°F Tempering May be done at a temperature between 400°F -1400°F Advisable to avoid the 800°F – 1100°F range due to a decrease in impact properties and corrosion resistance. Strength and hardness decrease in the  800°F – 1100°F  while ductility and toughness increase as the tempering temperature is raised. Chemical Properties:%CrNiCSiMnPSFe403min: 11.5 max:13.0min: 0.60max: 0.15max:0.5max:1.0max:0.04max:0.03 Balance Mechanical Properties:GradeTensile Strength ksi (min.)Yield Strength 0.2% Offset ksi (min.)Elongation – % in 50 mm (min.)Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX40370302598 Physical Properties:Denstiy lbm/in3Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (min/in)-°FThermal Conductivity BTU/hr-ft-°FSpecific Heat BTU/lbm -°FModules of Elasticity (annealed)2-psiat 68 °Fat 68 – 212°Fat 68 – 1450°Fat 200°Fat 32 – 212°Fin tension (E)0.2765.56.69.314.429 x 106

The 400 series group of stainless steels has an 11 percent chromium and 1-percent manganese increase, above the 300 series group. The 400 series is susceptible to rust and corrosion under some conditions. Heat-treating will harden the 400 series. The 400 series of stainless steels have higher carbon content, giving it a martensitic crystalline structure. This provides high strength and high wear resistance. Martensitic stainless steels aren’t as corrosion resistant as the austenitic types. wilsonpipeline Stainless stocks the following products in 400 Series stainless steel: Stainless Steel 400 Series Products Super Duplex Stainless Steel FlangesDuplex S31803 F51 flange,Duplex Steel S31803 SO Flange,NSI ASME JIS DIN super duplex stainless steel flanges,etc.More Information Stainless Steel FlangesStainless Steel Welding Neck Flange (WN),316L Stainless Steel Flange,317 Stainless Steel Flange,347 Stainless Steel Flange,etc. More Information Stainless Steel Pipe FittingsDUPLEX S32750 (SAF 2507) Pipe Elbow,904L Pipe SR/LR Elbow,Stainless Steel 304 Elbow,347H PIPE FITTING,etc. More Information Stainless Steel Pipes304L 316L Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipes,316L/321/304 Cold Drawn Seamless Tube GOST 9941-91,ASTM A269 STPG42 G3456 SCH4O Seamless Stainless Steel Pipes AP/BA Welded Cold Drawn Pipe More Information GasketsSerrated gasket with outer ring SS316,Spiral serrated metal gasket,Basic type serrated gasket,etc.More Information Please contact us directly with technical questions . he 400 series includes both ferritic and martensitic steels. Ferritic steels: non-hardening steels,  ideal for conditions in elevated temperatures. Typical applications for ferritic stainless steels include petrochemical, automotive exhaust systems, heat exchanges, furnaces, appliances and food equipment to name a few. Martensitic steels: able to be hardened, ideal for a wide variety of common uses. Martensitic stainless steels are used extensively in cutlery, sport knives and multi-purpose tools. The table below shows common types of 400 series steel: 400 Series Applications Type 405 a ferritic steel, used especially for welding applications Type 408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel. Type 409cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only). Type 410 martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant. Type 416easy to machine due to additional sulfur Type 420Cutlery Grade martensitic; Excellent polishability. Type 430 decorative steel, used for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance. Type 440 a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it, which allows for much better edge retention when the steel is heat-treated properly. Type 446 For elevated temperature service Advantages and Characteristics of 400 Series Stainless Steel Ferritic, or nonhardenable stainless steels, are classified in the 400 series. This series is known for: superior corrosion resistance resistance to scaling at elevated temperatures inherent strength greater than carbon steels provide an advantage in many applications where thinner materials and reduced weight are necessary nonhardenable by heat treating always magnetic Martensitic, or hardenable stainless steels, are classified in the 400 series. This series is known for: higher levels of carbon than ferritics ability to be heat treated to a wide range of hardness and strength levels excellent corrosion resistance easily machined good ductility

The name stainless steel covers a variety of corrosion resistant steels that contain a minimum of 11% Chromium. Changing the Chromium content and adding other elements like Nickel, Molybdenum, Titanium and Niobium changes the mechanical and physical properties of the steel. This results in hundreds of different grades of stainless steel that are covered by a range of national and international standards. Grade Families of Stainless Steel Each one of the grades is grouped into one of five stainless steel families. These families are named after their metallurgical microstructure. The five groups are austenitic, ferritic, duplex, martensitic and precipitation hardening. Ferritic Stainless Steels The lack of other alloying elements means ferritic stainless steel are known as plain Chromium steels. They have a Chromium content between 12 and 18%. The carbon content in ferriticstainless steel is very low. Ferritic stainless steel: Have moderate corrosion resistance Are not susceptible to stress corrosion Are magnetic Cannot be hardened by heat treatment Are always used in the annealed condition Poor weldability for most grades Common ferritic grades include the proprietary grade 430 stainless steel and the cheapest stainless steel, grade 409 stainless steel. 409 stainless steel is the material of choice for automotive exhausts due to its combination of low price, corrosion resistance and excellent formability. Austenitic Stainless Steels Adding nickel to stainless steel in sufficient amounts, changes the microstructure to “austenite”. 70% of commercially produced stainless steel are austenitic. The most common grade of austenitic stainless steel is 304 (1.4301). Globally, 304 accounts for more than 50% of stainless steel consumed. A common name for 304 stainless is 18/8. This name refers to the average composition, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. It is sometimes used generically for austeniticstainless steel other than 304, even if the actual composition is vastly different. Some of the features of austenitic stainless steel include: Excellent corrosion resistance Non-magnetic when annealed Rapidly work harden with cold work Not hardenable by heat treatment Ductile and readily formable Excellent weldability Hygienic with excellent cleanability Good performance at high temperatures Excellent performance at low temperatures Other than 304 stainless steel, other common austenitic grades include the popular marine grade, 316 stainless steel and the machining bar grade, 303 stainless steel. Martensitic Stainless Steels The first stainless steel to be developed for commercial applications were martensitic stainless steel. These steels were used for cutlery. When compared with other stainless steel, the martensitic stainless group have a relatively high carbon content (0.1 – 1.2%). Like ferriticstainless steel, they are plain chromium steels containing between 12 and 18% chromium. Features of martensitic stainless steelinclude: Moderate corrosion resistance Heat treatable Magnetic Inability to be cold formed Poor weldability Martensitic grades include 420 stainless steel, which is used in engineering applications like shafts and 440C stainless steel– the hardest and most abrasion resistant of all the stainless steel. Duplex Stainless Steels Duplex stainless steel get their name from the fact that they contain both a ferritic and austenitic microstructure. They have a relatively high chromium content of between 18 and 28%. Nickel content is moderate at 4.5 to 8%. At this level, the nickel content is too low to generate a fully austenitic structure. This results in a duplex microstructure containing both ferritic and austenitic phases. Duplex stainless steel also tend to contain 2.5-4% molybdenum. The prime advantage of duplex stainless is the combination of properties derived from both austenitic and ferritic stainless steel. Duplex stainless steel have: Excellent corrosion resistance Increased resistance to chloride attack Good resistance to stress corrosion cracking Tensile and yield strength higher than austenitic or ferritic grades Good weldability Good formability With excellent corrosion resistance the common duplex grade, 2205 stainless steel, is used in heat exchangers, chemical tanks and refineries. Precipitation Hardening Grades Precipitation hardening stainless steel can be martensitic, semi-austenitic or austenitic. They offer the combined properties of corrosion resistance from austenitic grades with the heat treatability of martensitic grades. Precipitation hardening grades, like 17-4 PH (also known as 630 stainless steel), are supplied as solution treated bars. They can then be machined before hardening. The hardening process is a single, low temperature, ageing step. Properties of precipitation hardening grades include: Good to moderate corrosion resistance Good weldability Very high strength Magnetic Specifications of Stainless Steel Grade compositions, mechanical properties and production specifications are governed by a range of international and national standards for stainless steel. While the old AISI three digitstainless steel numbering system (e.g. 304 and 316) is still commonly used for the classification of stainless steel grades, new classification systems have been developed. These systems include a 1-letter + 5-digit UNS number, like S30400, as defined by SAE and ASTM. European countries are adopting unified Euronorm standards. These countries are either replacing or adapting their own country specific standards to mirror the Euronorm standards. Other designations being replaced include old BS and EN numbers like 304S31 and 58E. Some grades are not covered by standard numbers and could be proprietary grades or be named using standards for specialist products like welding wire. Stainless steel standards are explained in detail in the British Stainless Steel Association “Guide to Stainless Steel Specifications”, also known as the BSSA “Blue Guide”. The table 1 lists a range of stainless steel grades, their old BS designation, new UNS number and new EN designation. Table 1. Stainless steelgrades and their international equivalents Grade UNS No BS Euronorm No. 301 S30100 301S21 1.4310 302 S30200 302S25 1.4319 303 S30300 303S31 1.4305 304 S30400 304S31 1.4301 304L S30403 304S11 1.4306 304H S30409 – 1.4948 (302HQ) S30430 394S17 1.4567 305 S30500 305S19 1.4303 309S S30908 309S24 1.4833 310 S31000 310S24 1.4840 310S S31008 310S16 1.4845 314 S31400 314S25 1.4841 316 S31600 316S31 1.4401 316L S31603 316S11 1.4404 316H S31609 316S51 – 316Ti S31635 320S31 1.4571 321 S32100 321S31 1.4541 347 S34700 347S31 1.4550 403 S40300 403S17 1.4000 405 S40500 405S17 1.4002 409 S40900 409S19 1.4512 410 S41000 410S21 1.4006 416 S41600 416S21 1.4005 420 S42000 420S37 1.4021 430 S43000 430S17 1.4016 440C S44004 – 1.4125 444 S44400 – 1.4521 630 S17400 – 1.4542 (904L) N08904 904S13 1.4539 (253MA) S30815 – 1.4835 (2205) S31803 318S13 1.4462 (3CR12) S41003 – 1.4003 (4565S) S34565 – 1.4565 (Zeron100) S32760 – 1.4501 (UR52N+) S32520 – 1.4507 ASTM does not recognise the designations in brackets. Many other grades and specifications are available. Material supplied by wilsonpipeline has been manufactured to comply with a number of standards depending upon the product. Standards also cover the finish of the material. Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Required mechanical properties are normally given in purchase specifications for stainless steel. Minimum mechanical properties are also given by the various standards relevant to the material and product form. Meeting these standard mechanical properties indicates that the material has been properly manufactured to an appropriate quality system. Engineers can then confidently utilise the material in structures that meet safe working loads and pressures. Mechanical properties specified for flat rolled products are normally tensile strength, yield stress (or proof stress), elongation and Brinell or Rockwell hardness. Property requirements for bar, tube, pipe and fittings typically state tensile strength and yield stress. Yield Strength of Stainless Steel Unlike mild steels, the yield strength of annealed austenitic stainless steel is a very low proportion of the tensile strength. Mild steel yield strength is typically 65-70% of the tensile strength. This figure tends to only be 40-45% in the austenitic stainless family. Cold working rapidly and greatly increases the yield strength. Some forms of stainless steel, like spring tempered wire, can be cold worked to lift the yield strength to 80-95% of the tensile strength. Ductility of Stainless Steel The combination of high work hardening rates and high elongation / ductility makes stainless steel very easy to fabricate. With this property combination, stainless steel can be severely deformed in operations like deep drawing. Ductility is normally measured as the % elongation before fracture during tensile testing. Annealed austenitic stainless steels have exceptionally high elongations. Typical figures are 60-70%. Hardness of Stainless Steel Hardness is the resistance to penetration of the material surface. Hardness testers measure the depth that a very hard indenter can be pushed into the surface of a material. Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers machines are used. Each of these has a different shaped indenter and method of applying the known force. Conversions between the different scales are therefore only approximate. Martensitic and precipitation hardening grades can be hardened by heat treatment. Other grades can be hardened through cold working. Tensile Strength of Stainless Steel Tensile strength is generally the only mechanical property required to define bar and wire products. Identical material grades may be used at various tensile strengths for completely different applications. The supplied tensile strength of bar and wire products directly relates to the final use after fabrication. Spring wire tends to have the highest tensile strength after fabrication. The high strength is imparted by cold working into coiled springs. Without this high strength the wire would not function properly as a spring. Such high tensile strengths are not required for wire to be used in forming or weaving processes. Wire or bar used as raw material for fasteners, like bolts and screws, needs to be soft enough for a head and thread to be formed but still strong enough to perform adequately in service. The different families of stainless steel tend to have different tensile and yield strengths. These typical strengths for annealed material are outlined in Table 2. Table 2. Typical strength for annealed stainless steel from different families Tensile Strength Yield Strength Austenitic 600 250 Duplex 700 450 Ferritic 500 280 Martensitic 650 350 Precipitation Hardening 1100 1000 Physical Properties of Stainless Steel The reason for choosing stainless steel is normally due to advantages given by physical properties such as corrosion resistance. In addition to corrosion resistance, the advantageous physical properties of stainless steelinclude: High and low temperature resistance Ease of fabrication High Strength Aesthetic appeal Hygiene and ease of cleaning Long life cycle Recyclable Low magnetic permeability Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Good corrosion resistance is a feature of all stainless steels. Low alloy grades can resist corrosion in normal conditions. Higher alloys resist corrosion by most acids, alkaline solutions and chloride environments. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is due to their chromium content. In general,stainless steel contain a minimum of around 10.5% chromium. The chromium in the alloy forms a self-healing protective clear oxide layer that forms spontaneously in air. The self healing nature of the oxide layer means the corrosion resistance remains intact regardless of fabrication methods. Even if the material surface is cut or damaged, it will self heal and corrosion resistance will be maintained. Extreme Temperature Resistance Some stainless steel grades can resist scaling and retain high strength at very high temperatures. Other grades maintain high mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures. Simple Fabrication of Stainless Steel Most grades of stainless steel can be cut, welded, formed, machined and fabricated using standard methods and equipment used for other types of steel. High Strength Component designs and fabrication methods can be altered to take advantage of the work hardening of stainless steels that occurs when they are cold worked. The resultant high strengths can allow the use of thinner material, leading to lower weights and costs. Other stainless steel can be heat treated to increase strength. Aesthetic Appeal Stainless steelcan be supplied with a range of surface finishes. It can also be polished after fabrication to give the desired finish. The finish of stainless steel is easy to clean and maintain. Hygiene and Ease of Cleaning Stainless steelis non-toxic and readily cleaned. This makes stainless steel the material of choice for use in hospitals, kitchens, food, drink and pharmaceutical processing plants. Long Life Cycle The durability and corrosion resistance of stainless steel means it will outlast many competing products. The low maintenance characteristics also add to stainless steel often being the lowest cost choice in a life cycle cost comparison. Recyclable Stainless steelis fully recyclable. New stainless steel normally contains between 50 and 80% recycled material. Scrap stainless steel can be stored without degradation to its value as a raw material. Magnetic Permeability of Stainless Steel Magnetic permeability is the ability of a material to attract a magnet. The austenitic grades are the only stainless steel grades that are not magnetic. Cold working can induce a limited degree of magnetism in austenitic grades other than 310 and 316 stainless steels. For more information on this source please visit: www.wilsonpipeline.com

Titanium Pipe Titanium pipe is remaining used in a myriad of applications due to inefficiency of stainless steel and also other materials most often. A standard titanium mill method is titanium pipe, which can be employed in many different products due to its superior corrosion resistance and strength-to-weight ratio. The roll-out of a variety of alloys has extended the application of titanium in industries which range from industrial and chemical processing to power generation. Grades of Titanium The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has approved most titanium grades, which means that more options are around for various projects. Although grades including 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11 among others are usable, grade 2 works for many instances. The ready availability of grade 2 causes it to be a preferable material for convenient production runs and bigger orders. Determining what sort of grade will exactly supply is essential before selecting any grade. Grades 7, 12, 16, or 26 can be used to fabricate titanium pipes for use in areas demanding greater corrosion resistance. Grades 3 and 12 is often a preferable material for pipes requiring more strength. Common Applications of Titanium Pipe Titanium and its alloys continue to evolve to address the challenges in a variety of industries, where the novel properties of titanium are needed to achieve productivity and satisfy federal regulations. The following are the most common applications of titanium pipes: Power Generation – Titanium pipes can play a significant role in high-temperature water and steam environments. Grade-2 titanium has already been used in many power plants to handle the problems associated with the failure of condenser and boiler tubes. Aerospace – Titanium can be used in airframe and engine components for the aerospace industry. Titanium pipes are capable of handling high temperatures without creep. With superior resistance to crack growth and fatigue, the lightweight pipes are recognized for their high strength-to-density ratio. Oil and Gas – High pressure, high temperature (HPHT) applications such as oil and gas well applications demand piping capable of enduring constant use. The oil and gas industry also needs high corrosion resistance of titanium in areas including downhole, subsea and topside. Chemical Processing – Highly corrosive environments, such as those commonly found in the chemical processing industry, demand piping systems, heat exchangers, and other systems that are capable of handling high loads. With superior corrosion resistance, titanium can endure high stresses for a long period in extreme environments. About wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a stocked supplier and distributor of a wide range of titanium products, from pipes and flanges to fittings and plugs. Products include: Titanium Bar Titanium Flange Titanium Billet Titanium Sheets Titanium Plate Titanium Pipe Titanium Tubing Titanium Elbows Titanium Flanges Titanium Sub Ends Fittings and Pipe Plugs This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline.com .

Corrosion in Sea Water and Offshore Environments Sea water is highly corrosive and offshore installations are often exposed to temperature extremes. The corrosion resistance of a material is therefore equally as important as mechanical strength. The introduction of chlorine by adding hypochlorite solution to sea water to give biofouling resistance can reduce the corrosion resistance of certain stainless steels, particularly under crevice conditions. Hydrocarbon process systems often have to withstand the potentially corrosive effects of hydrogen sulphide and acid conditions associated with the dissolved carbon dioxide which is often present. Corrosion can weaken elements of an otherwise well designed ,structure or affect inpidual equipment components to such an extent that they cease to be serviceable. Unfortunately, the fight against corrosion itself can lead to equally damaging side effects such as the release of nascent hydrogen. This can be generated as a result of cathodic protection measures adopted to protect a structure or by dissimilar metal coupling. The presence of such hydrogen can given rise to hydrogen-induced cracking of steels and nickel base alloys. Duplex Stainless Steels in Offshore Applications A most significant contribution to the fight against corrosion offshore has been made by duplex stainless steels. These have often been adopted on offshore structures in preference to carbon steel or other stainless steels. The value of the duplex stainless steel is that it combines the basic toughness of the more common austenitic stainless steels with the higher strength and improved corrosion resistance of ferritic steels. The optimum chemical composition of these steels provides a high level of corrosion resistance in chloride media together with high mechanical strength and ductility. Other benefits include the ability of some duplex stainless steels to be used at quite low sub-zero temperatures and be able to resist stress corrosion cracking. A significant feature of duplex stainless steel is that its pitting and crevice corrosion resistance is greatly superior to that of standard austenitic alloys. Pitting resistance equivalent numbers (PREN), a standard industry measure, are often in the high 30s while the latest duplex alloys exceed a PREN of 40. This is an increasingly common specification for certain offshore duties. However, PREN numbers only provide an approximate grading of alloys and do not account for the microstructure of the material. An acceptance corrosion test on material in the supply condition is so much more meaningful. The Evolution of Duplex Stainless Steels Ferralium alloy 255 was the world’s first commercial 25% chromium duplex stainless steel when it was introduced over 20 years ago. It pioneered the use of a deliberate nitrogen addition in order to improve ductility and corrosion resistance. Further research has demonstrated the importance of using duplex stainless steels containing both nitrogen and copper. Super Duplex Stainless Steels for Offshore Applications For offshore and indeed, onshore applications, the availability of a super duplex (25% chromium) stainless steel alloy in a variety of forms is important. For example, bar, forgings, castings, sheet, plate, super duplex stainless steel pipe/tube, welding consumables, super duplex stainless steel flanges, fittings, dished ends and fasteners are available. In terms of other benefits, the high allowable design stress of this alloy type in comparison with other duplex stainless steels and austenitic stainless steels, including 6% Mo type, is significant. It also offers excellent castability, weldability and machinability. These features are complemented by excellent fatigue resistance and galvanic compatibility with other high alloy stainless steels. Twenty-two percent chromium stainless steels provide better pitting resistance and resistance to crevice corrosion than type 316 stainless steel by virtue of a more stable passive film and also have greater mechanical strength. However, for optimum corrosion resistance, a 25% chromium high alloy duplex stainless steel is required and these alloys are often referred to as super duplex stainless. Even within this category, it is important to select the correct grade of material to get versatility in handling a wide range of corrosive media and for confidence that the alloy will cope with any excursions or transient operating conditions which make the environment more aggressive. Materials Selection for Offshore Applications Offshore structures themselves present different requirements of materials depending upon whether their application is topside, splash zone or subsea. Topside, duplex materials are suitable for a wide range of bolting applications and material such as Ferralium alloy 255 provide up to B7 steel strength, excellent corrosion resistance and a service life equal to the life of the system, thereby contributing to reduced maintenance costs. In the splash zone, the alloy has already demonstrated its suitability for sea water resistance with over 15 years service on North Sea installations and has been widely employed for riser bolting and components on riser protection system on TLPs. Emergence of New Super Duplex Stainless Steels Improved materials in the super duplex stainless steel category continue to be developed by manufacturers offering better or differently combined characteristics, features and benefits. These alloys, generally with a PREN > 40, are produced to conform to a number of UNS designations which appear in ASTM product form specifications. Castings and wrought forms are available. Typical of recent developments is Ferralium alloy SD40 (conforming to UNS S 32550) with a PREN > 40.0 and providing a minimum 0.2% proof stress of 550N.mm-2 and a UTS of 760 N.mm-2. This 25% chromium super duplex material results from a carefully controlled composition and balanced austenitic/ferritic structure with a substantial content of molybdenum and nitrogen. Applications for Super Duplex Stainless Steels Applications which can benefit from the use of these high alloy super duplex steels involve piping systems, pumps (where the good erosion and abrasion resistance is employed), valves,super duplex stainless steel pipe fittings, heat exchangers and perse other equipment. Recently, the excellent corrosion resistance of the new super duplex Ferralium alloy SD40 has been exploited for subsea electrical connectors on the Saga Snorre and Total South Ellon developments. In one case the super duplex material was chosen to replace standard austenitic stainless steel which had suffered from corrosion attack. Conclusions Several types of alloys have been developed in recent years to combat the degradation of existing alloys by corrosion attack and in some cases hydrogen embrittlement in the harsh offshore environment. Super (25 Cr) duplex stainless steels and an ultra high strength cupronickel have provided the solution to many material selection dilemmas. Source: Materials World, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 192-94 April 1994. For more information on this source please visit  https://www.wilsonpipeline.com.

Stainless Steel Grade 310 is a medium carbon austenitic stainless steel, for high temperature applications such as furnace parts and heat treatment equipment. It is used at temperatures up to 1150°C in continuous service, and 1035°C in intermittent service. Grade 310S is a low carbon version of grade 310. Applications of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Typical Applications Grade 310/310S is used in fluidised bed combustors, stainless steel flanges, stainless steel pipe fittings and stainless steel pipes, radiant tubes, tube hangers for petroleum refining and steam boilers, coal gasifier internal components, lead pots, thermowells, refractory anchor bolts, burners and combustion chambers, retorts, muffles, annealing covers, saggers, food processing equipment, cryogenic structures. Properties of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel These grades contain 25% chromium and 20% nickel, making them highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Grade 310S is a lower carbon version, less prone to embrittlement and sensitisation in service. The high chromium and medium nickel content make these steels capable for applications in reducing sulphur atmospheres containing H2S. They are widely used in moderately carburising atmospheres, as encountered in petrochemical environments. For more severe carburising atmospheres other heat resisting alloys should be selected. Grade 310is not recommended for frequent liquid quenching as it suffers from thermal shock. The grade is often used in cryogenic applications, due to its toughness and low magnetic permeability. In common with other austenitic stainless steels, these grades cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They can be hardened by cold work, but this is rarely practiced. Chemcial Composition of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel The chemical composition of grade 310 and grade 310S stainless steel are summarised in the following table. Table 1. Chemical composition % of grade 310 and 310S stainless steel Chemical Composition 310 310S Carbon 0.25 max 0.08 max Manganese 2.00 max 2.00 max Silicon 1.50 max 1.50 max Phosphorus 0.045 max 0.045 max Sulphur 0.030 max 0.030 max Chromium 24.00 – 26.00 24.00 – 26.00 Nickel 19.00 – 22.00 19.00 – 22.00 Mechanical Properties of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel The mechanical properties of grade 310 and grade 310S stainless steel are summarised in the following table. Table 2. Mechanical properties of of grade 310/310S stainless steel Mechanical Properties 310/ 310S Grade 0.2 % Proof Stress MPa (min) 205 Tensile Strength MPa (min) 520 Elongation % (min) 40 Hardness (HV) (max) 225 Physical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel The physical properties of grade 310 and grade 310S stainless steel are summarised in the following table. Table 3. Physical properties of grade 310/310S stainless steel Properties at Value Unit Density 8,000 Kg/m3 Electrical Conductivity 25°C 1.25 %IACS Electrical Resistivity 25°C 0.78 Micro ohm.m Modulus of Elasticity 20°C 200 GPa Shear Modulus 20°C 77 GPa Poisson’s Ratio 20°C 0.30 Melting Rnage 1400-1450 °C Specific Heat 500 J/kg.°C Relative Magnetic Permeability 1.02 Thermal Conductivity 100°C 14.2 W/m.°C Coefficient of Expansion 0-100°C 15.9 /°C 0-315°C 16.2 /°C 0-540°C 17.0 /°C Fabrication of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Fabrication Grades 310/310S are forged in the temperature range 975 – 1175°C. Heavy work is carried out down to 1050°Cand a light finish is applied to the bottom of the range. After forging annealing is recommended to relieve all stresses from the forging process. The alloys can be readily cold formed by standard methods and equipment. Machinability of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Machinability Grades 310/310SS are similar in machinability to type 304. Work hardening can be a problem and it is normal to remove the work hardened layer by using slow speeds and heavy cuts, with sharp tools and good lubrication. Powerful machines and heavy, rigid tools are used. Welding of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Welding Grades 310/310S are welded with matching electrodes and filler metals. The alloys are readily welded by SMAW (manual), GMAW (MIG), GTAW (TIG) and SAW. Electrodes to AWS A5.4 E310-XX and A 5.22 E310T-X, and filler metal AWS A5.9 ER310 are used. Argon is shielding gas. Preheat and post heat are not required, but for corrosion service in liquids full post weld solution annealing treatment is essential. Pickling and passivation of the surface to remove high temperature oxides are essential to restore full aqueous corrosion resistance after welding. This treatment is not required for high temperature service, but welding slag should be thoroughly removed. Heat Treatment of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Heat Treatment Type 310/310S are solution annealed by heating to temperature range 1040 -1065°C, holding at temperature until thoroughly soaked, then water quenching. Heat Resistance of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel Grades 310/310S have good resistance to oxidation in intermittent service in air up to 1035°Cand 1050°Cin continuous service. The grades are resistant to oxidation, sulphidation and carburisation. Available Forms of Grade 310/310S Stainless Steel wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry can supply these grades as stainless steel flanges, stainless steel pipe fittings, stainless steel pipes, plate, sheet and strip, bar and rod, seamless tube and pipe, welded tube and pipe, forgings and forging billet, tube and pipe fittings, wire. Corrosion Resistance Grade 310/310S is generally not used for corrosive liquid service, although the high chromium and nickel content give corrosion resistance superior to grade 304. The alloy does not contain molybdenum, so pitting resistance is quite poor. Grade 310/310S will be sensitised to intergranular corrosion after service at temperatures in range 550 – 800°C. Chloride stress corrosion cracking may take place in corrosive liquids containing chlorides at temperatures exceeding 100°C. For more information on this source please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry

Inconel 718 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy that has been built to resist many severely corrosive environments, pitting and crevice corrosion. This alloy shows significantly high tensile, yield and creep-rupture characteristics at high temperatures. This nickel alloy is employed from cryogenic temperatures as much as long-term service at 1200° F. A unique feature of Inconel 718’s composition is the fact that nobium is put into allow age hardening that allows welding and annealing without spontaneous hardening during cooling and heating. Adding nobium acts with molybdenum to stiffen the alloy’s matrix and offer high strength with out a strengthening heat treatment. Other famous nickel-chromium alloys are age hardened with the addition of titanium and aluminium. This nickel steel alloy is fabricated readily and may even be welded either in the precipitation or annealed age-hardened condition. This super alloy is utilized in a selection of industries including chemical processing, aerospace, pollution-control equipment, marine engineering and nuclear reactors. Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of Inconel 718 is:NiFeCrCuMoNbCMnPSSiTiAlCoB50.00-55.00Remainder17.00-21.00.30 max2.80-3.304.75-5.50.08 max.35 max.015 max.015 max.35 max.65-1.15.20-.801.00 max.006 max Forms of Inconel 718 Inconel is available as sheet, plate, wire and bar. Properties The properties of Inconel 718 are: Excellent mechanical properties – tensile, fatigue and creep-rupture. Yield tensile strength, creep, and rupture strength properties are considerably high. Highly resistant to chloride and sulfide stress corrosion cracking. Resistant to aqueous corrosion and chloride ion stress corrosion cracking. High temperature resistant. Age-hardenable with a unique property of slow aging response that permits heating and cooling during annealing without the danger of cracking. Excellent welding characteristics, resistant to post-weld age cracking. Mechanical Properties (Typical room temperature properties, 1800°F annealed condition) The mechanical properties of Inconel 718 are:Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi0.2% Yield Strength psiElongation %Hardness Rockwell B135,00070,00045100 ASTM Specifications The ASTM specifications of Inconel 718 are:Sheet/PlateBarWireB670B637– Applications of Inconel 718 The applications of Inconel 718 are: Pollution-control equipment Nuclear reactors Inconel 718 properties flanges Valves, fasteners, springs, pipes, tubing hangers Chemical processing Aerospace Fittings Liquid fuel rocket motor components Well head completion equipment and blow out preventers (BOP’s) Gas turbine engine parts. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline.com . For more information on this source, please visit yaang.

wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited supplies super duplex stainless steel in bar, pipes, pipe fittings, flanges, tube and weld wire. Duplex Stainless Steels, also referred to as austenitic-ferritic stainless steels, are a family of grades having around equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. These steels have a duplex microstructure which contributes to their high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Duplex steels offer high resistance to uniform and local corrosion because of their high content of nitrogen, chromium and molybdenum. Duplex stainless steels have good weldability. There are three groups of duplex stainless steels that include the following: Lean Duplex Standard Duplex Super Duplex. The most widely used of the duplex grades is duplex 2205. However, the super duplex steels like 2507 are excellent for servicing severe corrosive environments, such as offshore and marine applications. Lean duplex 2101 is available as an economic alternative to 300 series stainless steels. S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32760 super duplex stainless steel is developed to be used in aggressive environments. Properties of S32760 include toughness, high strength, corrosion resistance in a large number of organic and inorganic acids. Finally it features high resistance to strong alkalis and resists corrosion in a number of non-oxidizing acids. While involving extended exposure to temperatures more than 572F use of S32760 is not recommended. The chemical composition of S32750 and S32760 are similar; however, the latter contains slightly more copper and tungsten. The copper content (min. 0.5, max 1.0) permits excellent resistance to corrosion in many non-oxidizing and mineral acids like hydrochloric and sulfuric acid. S32750 or Duplex 2507 Duplex 2507 is a super duplex stainless steel developed for applications that demand high strength and corrosion resistance. Alloy 2507 has 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum, and 7% nickel. This high molybdenum, chromium and nitrogen content causes high resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion attack and the duplex structure provides 2507 with exceptional resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking. Using Duplex 2507 must be restricted to applications below 600° F (316° C). Extended elevated temperature exposure can reduce both the toughness and corrosion resistance of alloy 2507. Duplex 2507 has good mechanical properties. Often a light gauge of 2507 material can be used to achieve the same design strength of a thicker nickel alloy. The resulting weight savings can considerably reduce the overall cost of fabrication. Figure 1. Forms of Super Duplex 2507 Available at wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. Chemical Composition The chemical composition of S32760 is provided in the table below:CrNiMoCWCu24.0-26.06.0-8.03.0-4.00.030 Max0.5-1.00.50-1.0NMnSiPSFe0.2-0.31.00 Max1.0 Max0.03 Max0.01 MaxBalance The chemical composition of S32750 or 2507 is provided in the table below:CrNiMoCNMn24.0-26.06.0-8.03.0-5.00.030 Max.24-.321.20 MaxSiCuPSFe0.80 Max0.50 Max0.035 Max0.020 MaxBalance General Properties Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels The properties of duplex stainless steels are: High resistance to uniform corrosion. High to pitting and crevice corrosion. Good resistance to stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue. High mechanical strength. Good sulfide stress corrosion resistance. Good abrasion and erosion resistance. Good fatigue resistance high energy absorption. Low thermal expansion. Good weldability. Properties of Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32760 The properties of super duplex stainless steel S32760 are: Guaranteed corrosion performance (PREn ≥ 40). Excellent corrosion resistance in mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in both chloride and sour environments. High resistance to erosion, corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Excellent mechanical properties. Possibility for weight reduction over austenitic, standard duplex and nickel base alloys. Good weldability. Mechanical Properties (Room Temperature, Solution Annealed Condition)Tensile Strength, ksi.2% Yield Strength, ksi% Elongation in 50mmHardness Max.109802528 HRC Properties of Super Duplex Steel 2507 or S32750 High resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking. High Strength. Combination of properties given by austenitic and ferritic structure. Good weldability and workability. Superior resistance to chloride pitting and crevice corrosion. Good general corrosion resistance. Suggested for applications up to 600° F. Low rate of thermal expansion. Mechanical Properties(Specified Tensile Properties, Plate ASTM A240)Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi Minimum.2% Yield Strength, ksi Minimum% Elongation Min. 1168015310 Applications Applications of Duplex Stainless Steels The applications of duplex stainless steels are: Oil and gas equipment. Offshore technology. Pulp and paper industry. Cargo tanks and pipe systems in chemical tankers. Firewalls and blast walls on offshore platforms. Bridges. Storage tanks. Pressure vessels, reactor tanks, and heat exchangers. Rotors, impellers and shafts. Seawater desalination plants. Chemical industry, especially when handling chlorides. Flue-gas cleaning. Desalination plants and seawater systems. Applications of Super Duplex Stainless Steel S32760 The applications of S32760 super duplex stainless steel are: Oil and gas industry applications. Pollution control. Pulp and paper. Desalination. Mining and mineral industries. Marine industries. Power generation. Flue-gas desulfurization. Chemical, pharmaceutical. Applications of S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel The applications of S32750 super duplex stainless steel are: Desalination Equipment. Chemical process pressure vessels, piping and heat exchangers. Marine Applications. Flue Gas Scrubbing Equipment. Pulp & Paper Mill Equipment. Offshore Oil production/technology. Oil and gas industry equipment. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry.

The 321 stainless steel is mainly used in applications that involve continuous and intermittent service temperatures within the carbide precipitation range of 800°-1500°F. Type 321 is similar to type 304 stainless but with titanium addition of 5 times the carbon content. This titanium addition reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding and in the 800°-1500°F service conditions. For providing optimum resistance to intergranular corrosion and to polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking in service temperatures at 1500°-1650°F, an air cool may be used. Stainless Steel 321 Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of stainless steel 321 is: CrNiMoCuTiCMIN17.09.0––5x(C+N)–MAX19.012.00.750.750.700.08 mnSiPSNFeMIN–0.25––––MAX2.01.00.040.030.1Balance Forms of 321 Stainless Steel 321 Stainless Steel is available in the following forms at wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited: Plate 321 Stainless Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe Bend Bar 321 Stainless Steel Pipe & 321 Stainless Steel U Tube . Fittings (i.e., flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lap joints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Weld Wire. Features of Stainless Steel 321 The features of stainless steel 321 are: Oxidation resistant to 1600°F. Stabilized against weld heat affected zone (HAZ) intergranular corrosion. Resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking. Mechanical Properties (Average Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties) The mechanical properties of stainless steel 321 are:Temperature, °FUltimate Tensile Strength, ksi.2% Yield Strength, ksi6884384006220.560062188006217100059.516.5120045.516140027.514 Welding Stainless Steel 321 321 Stainless Steel is welded by all common methods including submerged arc. Appropriate weld fillers are most often specified as AWS E/ER 347 or E/ER 321. This alloy is normally considered to have comparable weldability to 304 and 304L stainless with the main difference being the titanium addition which reduces or prevents carbide precipitation during welding. Applications The applications of stainless steel 321 are: Expansion joints Thermal oxidizers Refinery equipment Aircraft piston engine manifolds and exhaust stacks High temperature chemical process equipment. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited.

wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Stainless steel 310/310S is an austenitic heat resistant alloy having high resistance to oxidation under mildly cyclic conditions through 2000ºF. This steel has a high nickel and chromium content that offers comparable corrosion resistance, high resistance to oxidation and retention of larger fraction of room temperature strength than the common austenitic alloys like Type 304. Stainless 310 is often used at cryogenic temperatures, with excellent toughness to -450°F, and low magnetic permeability. Chemical Composition 310 UNS S31000 Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of 310UNS S31000 is:CrNiCSiMnPSMoCuFe24.0-26.019.2-22.0.25 Max1.50 Max2.00 Max.045 Max.03 Max.75 Max.50 MaxBalance 310S UNS S31008 Chemical Composition, %CrNiCSiMnPSMoCuFe24.0-26.019.2-22.0.08 Max1.50 Max2.00 Max.045 Max.03 Max.75 Max.50 MaxBalance Forms of 310/310S Stainless Steel The forms of 310/310S stainless steel are: Plate Bar Stainless Steel Pipe & Tube Fittings (i.e. flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lap joints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Sheet Weld Wire. Properties of 310/310S Stainless Steel The properties of 310/310S stainless steel are: Oxidation resistance to 2000°F Moderate strength at high temperature Resistance to hot corrosion Strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures. Mechanical Properties Representative Tensile Properties Temperature, °FUltimate Tensile Strength, ksi.2% Yield Strength, ksiElongation Percent7080.035.052100067.820.847120054.120.743140035.119.346160019.112.248 Typical Creep-Rupture PropertiesTemperature, °FMinimum Creep 0.0001%/hr, ksi100,000 Hour Rupture Strength, ksi1200014.914.414003.34.516001.11.51800.28.66 Fabrication with Stainless Steel 310/310S Type 310/310S is readily fabricated by standard commercial procedures. In comparison to carbon steel, stainless steels are tougher and tend to work harden rapidly. Type 310/310S can be welded using all of the common welding processes. Typical Applications for 310/310S Stainless Steel The applications of 310/310S stainless steel are: Kilns Heat exchangers Furnace parts, conveyor belts, rollers, oven linings, fans Food processing equipment Cryogenic structures Stainless Steel U Tube Muffles, retorts, annealing covers Tube hangers for petroleum refiing and steam boilers Coal gasifier internal components Saggers. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline.

Incoloy 800, 800H, and 800HT are nickel-iron-chromium alloys having high resistance to carburization and oxidation in high-temperature exposure and with good strength. These nickel steel alloys are identical except for the higher level of carbon in alloy 800H, and the addition of up to 1.20 % aluminum and titanium in alloy 800HT. Incoloy 800 was the first of these alloys and it was slightly modified into Incoloy 800H. The modification made was to control carbon (.05-.10%) and grain size to optimize stress rupture properties. Incoloy 800HT has more modifications to the combined aluminum and titanium levels (.85-1.20%) to ensure optimum high temperature properties. The nickel alloy is dual certified (800H/HT) and combines the properties of both forms. Incoloy 800H/HT alloy was actually meant for high-temperature structural applications. These alloys are resistant to embrittlement from precipitation of sigma phase and chloride stress-corrosion cracking due to the nickel content. The corrosion resistance is quite high. In the solution annealed condition, alloys 800H and 800HT have excellent creep and stress rupture properties. The dual certified 800H/HT alloy is commonly available also with wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry. Incoloy 800 is mainly used in applications with temperatures up to 1100° F, where alloys 800H and 800HT are normally used in temperatures above 1100° F where resistance to creep and rupture is required. The chemical balance allows the nickel steel alloy to exhibit excellent resistance to carburization, oxidation and nitriding atmospheres. Incoloy 800HT will not become embrittled even after long periods of usage in the 1200-1600° F range where many stainless steels become brittle. Superior cold forming properties associated with the nickel-chromium alloys are exhibited with 800HT. When cold forms extensively, the grain size produces a visibly undulated surface called “orange peel”. Incoloy 800HT can be welded by the common techniques used on stainless steels. Chemical Composition Alloy 800 (UNS N08800) Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of Alloy 800 is:NiFeCrCuTiAlCMnSSi30.0-35.039.5 min19.0-23.0.75 max.15-.60.15-.60.1 max1.5 max.015 max1.0 max Alloy 800H (UNS N08810) Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of alloy 800H is:NiFeCrCuTiAlCMnSSi30.0-35.039.5 min19.0-23.0.75 max.15-.60.15-.60.05-.10 max1.5 max.015 max1.0 max Alloy 800HT (UNS N08811) Chemical Composition, % The chemical composition of Alloy 800HT is :NiFeCrCuTiAlCMnSSi30.0-35.039.5 min19.0-23.0.75 max.25-.60.85-1.20.06-.10 max1.5 max.015 max1.0 max Forms of INCOLOY 800/800H/800HT The forms of INCOLOY 800/800H/800HT are: flange (for example:Incoloy 800 adapter flange) Plate Bar Pipe & Tube (welded & seamless) Fittings (i.e., flanges, slip-ons, blinds, weld-necks, lap joints, long welding necks, socket welds, elbows, tees, stub-ends, returns, caps, crosses, reducers, and pipe nipples) Wire. Properties of INCOLOY 800H/800Ht The properties of 800H/800Ht are: High temperature strength Good resistance to many sulfur-containing atmospheres High creep rupture strength Resistant to carburization and oxidation in high temperature environments Good corrosion resistance in many acidic environments. Mechanical Properties (Typical room temperature Tensile Properties of Annealed Material) The mechanical properties of INCOLOY 800H/HT are:ProductTensile (ksi).2% Yield (ksi)Elongation (%)Rod & Bar75-10030-6060-30 ASTM Specifications The ASTM specifications are:AlloyPipe SmlsPipe WeldedTube SmlsTube WeldedSheet/PlateBarForgingFittingAlloy 800 (UNS N08800)B407B154B163B515B409B408B564B366Alloy 800H (UNS N08810)B407B154B163B515B409B408B564B366Alloy 800HT (UNS N08811)B407B154B163B515B409B408B564B366 Applications of Incoloy 800H/HT Alloys 800H/HT is used in a range of applications that involve exposure to corrosive environments and high temperatures such as heat treating equipment, chemical and petrochemical processing, nuclear power plants and the paper pulp industry. Heat-treating equipment such as baskets, trays, and fixtures employ Incoloy 800H/HT. Petrochemical and chemical industries use the alloys for heat exchangers and other piping systems in nitric acid media especially where resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking is required. Power plants use them for super-heater and re-heater tubing. The applications of Incoloy 800H/HT are: Hydrocarbon cracking Ethylene furnace quench boilers Super-heater and re-heaters in power plants Heat exchangers Pressure vessels Valves, fittings and other components exposed to corrosive attack from 1100-1800° F Heat-treating equipment Industrial furnaces Chemical and petrochemical processing. This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry. For more information on this source, please visit wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry .